Mass Media and Younger Generation

Abstract Entertainment has a significant influence on the people. The effects of entertainment can both be positive and negative. This influence of the entertainment industry has grown tremendously over the years. The influence can be greatly attributed to the advancement of technology. Entertainment is mostly through the media which includes; the television, magazines, newspapers, radio, and internet, among others. The influence of entertainment on the younger generation affects the way that they dress, talk, and act. This is because the current generation and society depends on entertainment as a form of communication and information.The society, therefore, turns to entertainment for the daily activities like education, health care, traveling, work, and personal relationships. This paper is going to look at the effects of entertainment on the younger generation. In addition, it is going to look at how entertainment affects the young generation in terms of their acts, the way they d ress, and talk. Introduction A nation like America is an example, of a country that has developed in terms of entertainment (Fisher 58). It is one of the countries that has got and has produced some of the greatest entertainers.The country is one of the leading producers of entertainment in the planet. In addition, it is one of the nations that there is a greater influence of entertainment on the younger generation. The effects of entertainment on the younger generation in America can be said to be both positive and negative. The influence is mostly on entertainment media such as television, radio, and the internet. The influence on the upcoming generation has affected their expression and vies on the culture of America. The influence is on how they talk, dress, and act on the society.This has been caused by the social media pressure that is sweeping through the country. These are the influences that entertainment has on the younger generation in the country. Entertainment The citiz ens of America depend on communication and information for their daily activities. These activities include; work, education, entertainment, traveling, personal relationships, and health care (Kearney and Crandall 89). The people use the newspapers or television to get news. They make phone calls, browse over the internet where possible to make decisions that re based on the information that they need and get. The decisions should be made depending on the values and beliefs that exist in the society. The younger generation, therefore, need to have facts and use experience when making certain decisions. The media are the place where most people get the latest and current facts and news on significant issues. Most of the younger generation, therefore, turns to the media which is a form of entertainment to get news and education. This in effect, has influence on the younger generation.The upcoming generation, gets influenced by the mass media and this in turn affects the way that they conduct themselves in the society. The influence works in several ways and can be caused also because of several reasons. This can be either positively, negatively, or even both. How the influence works The television is the common and most known form of entertainment that has got influence. The television exposes the upcoming generation to thousand of images. These images include; celebrities advertisement, violence, sex, among many others. The exposure to the younger generation is too high when considered in terms of years (Scott 9).The media should be responsible for the programs they air. They are the ones who should help in shaping the beliefs, values, and decisions that the upcoming generation makes. The companies that own the media are the ones who are in charge of entertainment movies, radio and television broadcasts. Moreover, they are the ones who authorize the programs, sports, and video entertainments. In addition, most of the companies that offer these services are also integrated in the wireless phones, telecommunications, music industry, electronic media, video game software, and more.Therefore, the companies should consider programs that nature cultural values and beliefs that do not have a negative influence on the upcoming generation. However, some companies have merged to shape the beliefs and opinions of the users. It is significant to consider what the younger generation is exposed to daily through the entertainment avenues. This calls for the other people in the society to be vigilant in protecting the values and beliefs of the country. They should look at the entertainment that is given from, different perspectives; as opposed to ho the media gives it.The advertisement done by the media is another exposure to the upcoming generation. Although, the media makes a lot of money from the advertisements, they have some negative influences to the younger generation. Many citizens are influenced, by the advertisements, and this makes them buy th e things that they are told that are good. Decisions are made from the advertisements that the citizens are exposed to daily. This is based on what is seen on the newspapers, magazines, or television. The product is deemed to be the best and most people make decisions based on what the media is propagation.This creates influence as people tend to trust the media. The same applies to the younger generation that is exposed to this form of entertainment. The effect and influence on the upcoming generation makes them buy what they watch over the televisions. This is mostly influenced by what they consider being their celebrities’ favorites. The upcoming generation will buy what favorite celebrity has advertised and what they deem to be acceptable in the society. This is based on the fashion that the media has created and imposed on the minds. The influences can be at times positive or negative.A positive example can be a sport that is getting media attention. Many of the younger generation will want to be identified with that sport. The popularity in the society and among the friends for the sport can make a youth be identified with the sport. This will make the upcoming generation start practicing for the sport with the idea that it is cool. The influence will turn out to be positive as the youth will become healthier from the exercise and have fun with friends. An example of a negative influence for the younger generation can be the use of cigars. This can be as a result of seeing a celebrity movie star using a cigar.In addition, the exposure to images with excessive violence, junk foods, and sex can influence the upcoming generations negatively. The upcoming generation is in a stage of life that needs some acceptance from the peers. They would like to feel loved and be successful in whatever they venture and try (White and Andsager 72). Therefore, the creation of the media of ideal images of beautiful women and handsome men as the real characteristics of successful people through television and movie influences the younger generation. This will make the upcoming generation want to look as the celebrity.They will copy the dressing styles so as to feel cool and successful like the images of the celebrities. The youth are, hence exposed to buying dresses and stuff that can make them look like the celebrities who are considered to be cool and successful. The influence of the entertainment industry has had an effect on the youth’s obesity and anorexia nature. Many upcoming generations in the country are fighting obesity. This is happening, while, they are exposed to most advertisements that carry junk food advertisements. The advertisements are there, yet, they give ideal images of successful people as wealthy and thin.The women are the ones who are mostly affected with this type of influence. They are so obsessed with loosing even in cases which they are not declared as obese. Many women are thin in the society as they want to r esemble and look like the thin celebrities, and super models that they see in the images, in the entertainment industry. The women, are, therefore, engaged in disorder eating habits that mostly lead to severe issues of health and in worse cases even death. Effects of violence in media Watching a movie or television exposes the upcoming generation to images of many people hurting others and violence.This type of exposure can have some influence on the upcoming generation. A person can easily become disturbed because of such exposure. This normally happens to the children who are exposed to this type of entertainment more and more each passing day. As the children grow, they begin shaping their personalities. This includes both beliefs and values. A child who is exposed to this form of entertainment can become very aggressive. In addition, these children can lose their sense of fiction and reality on what they are exposed in the movies and television.There are incidents and scenarios that have been reported of children carrying guns to school. Such kind of incidences where the children also hurt others can be attributed to the influence of the entertainment. This affects the cultural values and beliefs of such children. The behaviors of this type are associated with children who are mostly exposed to the excessive use of war images and violent video games (Coleman 112). The media using real war as a form of entertainment also exposes the upcoming generation to negative influences. The children need to be educated and informed, on the good forms of entertainment, to be watched.In addition, they need to be informed that the video games do not have winners or losers just as in the real war. Entertainment impact on society and the upcoming generation is significant. In addition, the influence of entertainment on public opinion cannot be ignored. The entertainment forms can change the public opinion of the upcoming generation in different ways. This depends on the ob jective of the form of entertainment. Television as one of the greatest discoveries of all times has so much influence on the upcoming generation. Television can be used for many purposes. This depends on the choice of the individual that uses the device.This can be used for entertainment purposes, like; watching music or soap. The shows that they youths are exposed to when watching television have created so many controversies. This is because of the influence that they have on the younger generations (Petley and Barker 34). The television has both advantageous and adverse effects on the youth. This will depend on what the viewer sees. This explains why the entertainment shows that are aired are full of controversies. Most of the shows are just on dates and celebrities. These types of shows are what influences the future generation that includes the children and youth.Most of the influences unfortunately are not positive. Studies indicate that there is a trend that is coming up whe re most shows are just for publicity purposes. This makes the youth find themselves easily influenced to be part of the shows to feel cool. The shows that help in increasing learning processes on the youth receive little publicity. These are the shows that can help the youth to nature good moral values and beliefs (Desilet 109). The television promotes entertainment and education. However, it is an individual’s responsibility to derive what he wants from the shows.Most young people are corrupted in the minds by the entertainment forms that they see. The youth fall prey to the many of the misleading advertisements in place. They get confused by asking on the celebrities that are being advertised. Furthermore, they get manipulated in their thinking. This makes them think of violence and criminal things. The more the youth is exposed to the entertainments the more they get influenced to the message that they get. Their social and cultural behavior is affected by the entertainmen t. The children are exposed to the negative influence of entertainment as parents are not there to control them.Some parents work till late and when they get home they are too tired to help the children in activities. They get glued to the television plus their children. Upcoming generation feels confident and they do what they feel like. In addition, visual effects normally lasts long on a person and this can leave some adverse effects to such an exposed victim. The advancement of technology has made things worse. Most of the television stations relay their programs through the satellite. This has left the parents with no control on the programs watched, and, therefore, the children remain exposed to indecent entertainment forms.The youth has also taken advantage of the same. They use the entertainment field to get knowledge and information from the television. Most of the young generation normally watches programs that are mostly entertaining. No wonder, television is considered a s a source of entertainment instead of a source of knowledge. This is the reason as to why television has to a great extent adversely affected the upcoming generation. Many youths have favorite celebrities that they look up to, as role models in their lives. This makes them to look for them in the movies or magazines. The reason behind this is to get the latest fashion trends or air styles.The youths look, on the magazines, to see what the celebrities have and the scope of the new trends that are considered hot. The entertainment industry is constantly changing perceptions of the youth. This changes the perception of who they are and what they think of themselves. In addition, the entertainment industry is what can be attributed to the changing trends in cultural ways. Most people look at the celebrities and entirely change their own ideals and views so as to mach what is considered to be perfection. The youth wants to be associated with money, ideal cars, and careers. The simple th ings in life are becoming less appreciated.This happens as people tend to look up for those with more wealth. They compare their lives with such people. The youth wants something bigger and something more. This is what makes entertainment have a constant impact on the societal trends. It is the aspects of the entertainment industry that makes the youth know how much they are rich and how famous they need to be in life. The constant advertisements, magazine covers, and other entertainment forms are what overwhelm the society. Moreover, the entertainment industry is what is responsible for most of the upcoming generations changing trends and perceptions on culture and the way of life.The shows that are aired make the youth look at their own lives. This makes them feel the need to do something different. Divorce is also becoming common in the society. The trend is mostly seen in celebrity couples. Cases of the celebs getting divorced are there every day. This has made it like a routine to those who are also in the media industry. The divorce cases are publicized in the media as something normal and good in the society. This has made the youth look at divorce as something that is insignificant. The society has also not carried any negativity on divorce of late. People run to marriages instead of dating.This whole situation has been created by the celebs. The celebrity couples have made divorce a trend. Moreover, the celebs have made the meaning of divorce be of less meaning and look like normal in the society. This trend has caused the youth to follow suit. The entertainment industry can be said to be the reason behind the change of perception and trend of divorce. The youth has been influenced, by the entertainment industry, to do cosmetic surgery. The trend has already swept through the society and is common with people who want to look like celebs or be more beautiful. There are shows in the television programs like DR. 20210 that have made plastic surgery be t he in thing (Durham 120). The shows make the youth want to look like the celebrities. They do this by trying to transform them to look like celebrities. They give them the different cosmetic and plastic surgery procedures that exist. The message passed is that a person in his own identity is not handsome and good. The trend encourages the youth to try plastic surgery in order to have perfect bodies. Therefore, the reason of not having a perfect look is not there as there is the option of cosmetic surgery. This has made the celebrities, to, also, have plastic surgeries to enhance their appearance.This is done with the belief that it will help in carriers, but, the youth just emulate the trend for the sake of it. The trend has made many youth to lack self fulfillment as they feel they are not good looking or good enough. Conclusion The entertainment industry has both positive and negative influence on the youth, but, it is not entirely bad. The negative effects and influences that the industry has, on the upcoming generation need, to be changed and recognized. This can help the youth so that their minds are not that clouded with the celebrity perfection ideas.The youth need to be educated and informed on the need for self confidence and self fulfillment as they are fundamental to true happiness in life. These traits are hard to attain for the youth because of entertainment and media industry. The industries are constantly showing and sending messages to viewers on the definition of perfection. This makes it hard for many of the youths to be contented and happy with their personalities and looks. The youth should stop to look for celebrities, movies, and television shows, for ideal and perfect life.The obsession created by the entertainment industry influences the youth’s way of life. They change the way they dress, walk, and even act. The entertainment industry will continue to have effects and influences on youth and societal trends. The influences shoul d be worked on, to make them have positive effects on society and society as a whole. This can involve the transformation of the celebrities, actors, and models in the entertainment industry. The effect can be huge and tremendous on the upcoming generation and society. The changing trends in societal beliefs and values can be influenced to be positive ones on the youth.Things can be better when the effects of the entertainment industry lean more towards the positive influences than the negative influences on the youth. This can be done knowing very well that America is one of the leading producers of entertainment and as such it is a significant component in influencing the behavior of the younger generation. The entertainment industry has influences on the upcoming generation views and expression of culture. This is depicted by the way that they talk, dress, and act on society through social media pressure in the country.You can get a custom research paper[->0] on this topic at Ess ayLib. com. Feel free to buy your paper written from scratch! Â ·Tags: entertainment research paper[->1], essay on entertainment[->2], research paper on social media[->3], social media essay[->4] Comments are closed. [->0] – http://www. essaylib. com/research-paper. php [->1] – http://www. essaylib. com/blog/tag/entertainment-research-paper [->2] – http://www. essaylib. com/blog/tag/essay-on-entertainment [->3] – http://www. essaylib. com/blog/tag/research-paper-on-social-media [->4] – http://www. essaylib. com/blog/tag/social-media-essay

Change and Continutie

Between 500 CE and 1500CE changes and continuities in interregional commerce in the Eurasian World occurred. The Silk Road connected South Asia, Western Asia, and South Asia with Europe. The â€Å"road† was used for trading good such as silk, porcelain, and other luxuries. Not only was it used for trading material goods, but it was also used for trading religions, skills, and knowledge. It also passed along diseases. Some changes that occurred were that classical empires collapsing and new empires began to rise, and trade in the Indian Ocean became more regulated in 1500CE than before in 1400CE.A continuity that occurred was the Indian Ocean trade remained unregulated from 700CE through 1400CE. Due to the collapse of the classical empires in 500CE and the rise of the Byzantine, Abbasid, and Tang Empires in 700CE, trade declined then grew. When the classical empires collapsed, trade declined because due to the lack of government following the decline of the classical empires, p rotection could not be granted for trade and trade routes could not be repaired. Due to these reasons, trade and travel became dangerous.When the Byzantine, Abbasid, and Tang empires began to rise, trade grew again because Tang rulers set up military garrisons to protect the trade done through the Silk Road, the Byzantine empire’s central location on the Mediterranean Sea allowed trade to flourish, especially in the capital of Constantinople, and in the Abbasid empire Muslim merchants spread improved irrigation in the region, which led to increases in food production and population. Because of the three empires rising, trade was able to be successful again after the fall of the classical empires.During the years of 700CE through 1400CE a continuity of unregulated Indian Ocean trade continued in Eurasian trade. The Indian Ocean represented the world’s largest sea-based system of communication and exchange. The alternating wind currents that blew predictably eastward dur ing the summer months and westward during the winter months (monsoons) was what made the Indian Ocean commerce possible. Because the Indian trade route was so successful and many people depending on it, it continued to remain unregulated from 700CE through 1400CE.Another reason for it continuing to remain unregulated was because cities located strategically grew and it was a safe environment for markets, it welcomed all merchants, and charged reasonable fees. Although it remained unregulated from 700CE through 1400CE, that all changed by 1500CE. From the unregulated Indian Ocean trade in the 1400’s, trade became more controlled by the Chinese and the Europeans by the 1500’s. To gain control over the Indian Ocean trade Europeans captured the port cities, wrecked them, stole from them, and burned them to the ground, killing the residents of the cities.Because people from other countries traded as well and they brought their culture, religions, and other values and belief s that fascinated the people who lived along the Indian Ocean regions, a lot of people were affected. The Indian Ocean became controlled by the Chinese and the Europeans. In the same way as the Silk Road was used for trade and commerce and was successful the Indian Ocean was also used for trade and commerce. However, the silk route is widely interconnected trade route across Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, as well as North and Northeast Africa and Europe.In Indian Ocean routes majorly connecting Middle East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. In conclusion, during the time period of 500CE through 1500CE Some changes that occurred were that classical empires collapsing and new empires began to rise, and trade in the Indian Ocean became more regulated in 1500CE than before in 1400CE. A continuity that occurred was the Indian Ocean trade remained unregulated from 700CE through 1400CE. Both the silk road and the Ind ian ocean were used for commerce and trade.

Taking A stand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Taking A stand - Essay Example Undoubtedly drinking water is available in the world in plenty but due to extensive use of water by high class people the lower classes gets affected and they lack to access to safe water. Availability of drinking water is becoming a matter of concern at present circumstances due to these issues. Most importantly, it can become a threat for the future generations. It has been observed by scientists that volume of safe drinking water is decreasing across the globe. In the United States of America, the Colorado River was one of the main sources of water. The water of Colorado River is still supplied in Las Vegas. Due to intense pollution and wastage the flow of water has drastically reduced in Colorado River. The pollution of Ohio River is another challenge in front of the world. According to Charles McMahon, â€Å"Improvising waste water treatment through increased regulation is a possible way to decrease the effects of enormous consumption and wastage of water† (McMahon 34). This phenomenon is very common in many countries regarding water recycling in order to overcome shortage of water. In the nineteenth century, water was wasted at a very large scale due to lack of advanced technological processes’ presence. Due to lack of knowledge people used large amount of water and at the same time polluted water at a large scale. When dams were built for production of electricity and controlled flow it was highly appreciated. However the consequences were in front of people very soon. For example the fact of Colorado River was not a very common phenomenon. Colorado River was one of the most important sources of fresh water in the United States. The Grand Canyon was the resident of some early civilizations however because of huge pollution and construction of dam the flow of the water reduced tremendously. This became one of the most important concerns before the country. This example shows the

Alternative Energy Engineering Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alternative Energy Engineering - Research Paper Example One method of restricting the CO2 emissions in the atmosphere is to leach out the CO2 from the fuels reducing the amount of carbon emitted per unit in a process known as decarbonization. The CO2 is then sequestered back into reservoirs; the advantage of this that the process is compatible with the existing fossil fuel infrastructures and the excess CO2 is sent back into the feedback cycle. Natural sequestration reservoirs are the forest and oceans of the planet. Fossil fuel use is gradually moving towards fuels with lower carbon contents such from coal to oil and gas and it is thought that eventually, mankind will use H2, a carbon-neutral fuel exclusively. However, till that happens, carbonization and sequestration is one method that can be used to control our green house gas emissions. More efficient methods of sequestration will have to evolve including ‘calcination’ (trapping CO2 in calcium compounds) and reacting the gas with the mineral serpentine to create blocks o f magnesium which can displace large amounts of CO2 effectively.The authors discuss that due to the increased dependence of fossil fuel in the modern society, atmospheric CO2 has increased from 275 ppm to 370 ppm and if the levels reach 550ppm it could trigger catastrophic events in the climate. Our energy consumption today is 12TW, of which 85% is fossil-fueled and some estimates indicate that we would require at least 15 TW of ‘emission-free’ power by mid century to continue the development of the society.

Opinion Essay about Globalization (GLS101) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Opinion about Globalization (GLS101) - Essay Example Whereas Foxconn had been contracted by Apple as one of the key manufacturing hubs in China, Foxconn has reshaped its business model in the wake of globalization (Yang, 2013). Indeed, Foxconn’s thinking about moving beyond Apple is a classic example of how globalization is taking place in the current world. Globalization has seen China become a darling for most large manufacturers particularly due to the availability of cheap labour and technological advancement. It therefore does not come by surprise that Apple, an American owned company, decided to outsource its production services to Foxconn. However, globalization has caused significant changes in consumer demands leading to mushrooming of other companies seeking to cash in on emerging market niches. For instance, Apple continually became less significant to Foxconn because of the lost grip on the phone market due to globalization. Considering Apple was responsible for almost half of Foxconn’s revenue (Yang, 2013), any shakeup on Apple would have direct ripple effect on Foxconn as a company. Globalization especially in the technology industry has caused unprecedented changes in the way modern businesses operate. For instance, large multinational companies have tuned their supply chain management by outsourcing services and production to other countries. However, the same concept of globalization has empowered production supporting industry players such as Foxconn to think about having their own tailor made products. This could spell doom for companies such as Apple. For example, despite Apple putting its production hopes on Foxconn, Foxconn is on the other hand investing heavily on brand makers such as Sharp’s LCD panel factory (Yang, 2013). This is in a bid to solidify its sustainability in a world where globalization is changing operational challenges with time. The fact that a company such as Foxconn could be pushed by globalization to change from a production outsourcing

Developments in the media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Developments in the media - Essay Example The nature of the electronic medium and the ease and facility of access, distribution, and duplication afforded by the Internet has made it very difficult for Governments to devise effective systems to regulate content on the Internet and prevent the exploitation of impressionable youngsters. While several measures have been taken to tackle the problem, the difficulties in pinpointing jurisdiction and the absence of effective filtering methods are significant drawbacks in bringing about effective regulation to protect children from pedophiles and distributors of obscene material. Internet and regulation: One of the major issues that need to be considered is the enormous capacity for copying and reproduction that is afforded by the digital environment.3 In a digital environment, with free availability of information and the facility for easy duplication of material coupled with the difficulties in restricting access, potent dangers are posed to children who may be exposed to offensive , the pornographic material on the Net. For example, Lewis has discussed the scope of the reforms to the Sexual Offenders Act of 1997 by way of the Sexual Offences Act of 2003, as a result of which a wider range of offensive activities against children has been brought under the purview of protection offered for children who are vulnerable to sexual abuse4. This Act also creates a new offense of â€Å"grooming† whereby a person attempting to lure a child into a sexual activity will be guilty even if the actual offense has not occurred.

Interview Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Interview - Assignment Example Improved communication has facilitated business and the economy. There is a slight difference between the communication systems between the USA and Brazil. The main difference arises in the language used in the two countries; Brazil communications systems utilize Portuguese while communications systems in USA use English. The two nations also differ due to the access to technology and the resources at the disposal of the nation. The technology in the United States is advanced compared to Brazil. The cost of communication equipment also differs across the two nations; access to information is cheaper in USA compared to Brazil (Hallin & Daniel 301). Developed communications in USA make communication reliable and fast this is an advantage compared to slower connections speeds in Brazil. Well developed communication system USA is cheaper compared to costs in Brazil, the high cost reduces the number of people with access to communication. Control over communication in USA enables the government to curb internet crimes which affect Brazil. Developed communication infrastructure in USA has facilitated trade and social communication. Increased communication between businesses has improved information flow thus economic growth. The advantages of the communications systems in Brazil are the unique culture and focus on the local community. Increased interaction between the countries is facilitating cultural transfer through tourism (Hallin & Daniel 307). Rodrigo and I have been communicating trough social media which has been facilitated by improved communication systems in the two countries. We have communicated a lot about the nature of our countries and the facilities available. Although the US has advanced communication technologies, Brazil has a rich culture which can be exported to other nations through

The role of women in the society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The role of women in the society - Essay Example The idea here is that even in deprived households, the issues that affect females may be very different from those that affect the males, thus sometimes making the consequences of such poverty harder for the woman (123). As a matter of fact, Sen writes that in developing countries, where poverty levels are high, the mortality rates for women are higher than those of women (124). In Sen’s opinion, most women faced with poverty find it hard to claim a personal identity and often refer to themselves in relation to their family. This lack of personal identity translates to low levels of personal welfare for the women (124). Accordingly, it is common to find households in which women get the least amount of food, medicine, and other kinds of services needed for survival (125). This means that most of the time, women sacrifice their wellbeing for the sake of the family’s welfare. In the end, women become less economically stable as compared to men. 2. Reexamining the role of women In as far as women redefining their role in the society, Pearson’s main point of argument is based on the relationship between women and economic empowerment. Concerning paid work, Pearson is of the opinion that most women seek employment in search of money needed to enable them fulfill their gendered functions in the society (201). Pearson, however, challenges the idea that women can only be empowered through paid labor, a system advocated for by capitalist ideologies. The contentious issue, here, is that the kind of paid labor that most women are incorporated into is often left out of the formal economy. This is to mean that most women in the paid workforce do not enjoy the associated benefits such as flexible working hours, social protection, fair pay, and protection... In as far as women redefining their role in the society, Pearson’s main point of the argument is based on the relationship between women and economic empowerment. Concerning paid work, Pearson is of the opinion that most women seek employment in search of money needed to enable them to fulfill their gendered functions in the society (201). Pearson, however, challenges the idea that women can only be empowered through paid labor, a system advocated for by capitalist ideologies. The contentious issue, here, is that the kind of paid labor that most women are incorporated into is often left out of the formal economy. This is to mean that most women in the paid workforce do not enjoy the associated benefits such as flexible working hours, social protection, fair pay, and protection of reproductive health, among others (202). Thus, many women end up falling in the informal employment bracket, where they are involved in numerous income-generating activities, as opposed to a particula r profession. It is also, according to Pearson, a common phenomenon to find micro-credit institutions that lend money to women to start up money-making activities, and then later repay the institutions at a small profit (206). However, when these women become empowered economically, it is often assumed that this translates to power shifts in the household (Pearson, 207). This assumption is flawed since, although the women become empowered, in most cases she bears the burden of the loans alone, while the husband remains the head of household operations.

Ibuprofen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ibuprofen - Essay Example However, other websites say that it is 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propanoic acid, where methylpropyl is replaced with isobutyl (Broyles, 2009). First of all, Ibuprofen is a propanoic acid, which is a carboxylic acid, characterized by a –COOH tail, and is an organic hydrocarbon molecule with three carbons, which is a property of the basic propane structure. Its being a propanoic acid gives Ibuprofen its pharmacologic properties – analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory – because it is its carboxylic end that reacts with the enzymes that help produce pain hormones. Moreover, Ibuprofen is a chiral or aromatic compound because of its benzene ring or phenyl group, which is attached to the second carbon. Furthermore, there is an isobutyl group, which is made up of four carbons, attached to the second carbon of the phenyl group. Ibuprofen has two optical isomers, the R- and the S+ forms, and where the S+ form has distinct pharmacologic properties and has a significant role in inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins. The R- form, on the other hand, has no anti-inflammatory effect. Nevertheless, an enzyme in the human body naturally converts R- isomers of Ibuprofen into the useful S+ forms, thus increasing the total active forms of Ibuprofen in the body (â€Å"The Structure of Ibuprofen,† 2012). According to information from the University of Oxford Department of Chemistry, Ibuprofen is â€Å"only slightly soluble in water but readily soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol† (â€Å"Ibuprofen,† University of Oxford, 2012). Other sources, however, say that Ibuprofen is insoluble in cold water (â€Å"Material Safety,† 2012). The insolubility of Ibuprofen is due to the presence of the non-polar covalent bonds present in the hydrocarbon chains, which are not soluble in polar compounds like water. In fact, this particular physical property of Ibuprofen accounts for some of its less significant pharmacologic effects. Other physical properties

Physical Education Program Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Physical Education Program - Term Paper Example I have been an active member and participant in physical education for the past few years. I feel great pride and a sense of satisfaction in seeing my name appear in the list of honor for three consecutive years; and now also on being the national honor society member. I have worked very hard in this discipline and have attended advanced classes relating physical education. My entire life has been about physical education. Now I wish to pursue physical education even more seriously as a career and I want to make a difference in young children’s life not only by imparting them the knowledge I have and aim to gain continuously; but also by serving as a role model coach and a source of inspiration for them. I am therefore seeking admission in the physical education program of the university. My goal is to work with high school kids who have not hitherto gotten a chance to familiarize with physical education due to financial, emotional or social reasons. I believe every child dese rves a chance to get physical education training like training in all other subjects at school.

Buddhist Traditions Essay Example for Free

Buddhist Traditions Essay Buddhism is an Eastern religion practiced in most Asian countries. The religion was founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) in the late 6th century B.C.E. Even though Buddhism is practiced in many ways, a commonality among these ways is a drawing from the life experiences of the Buddha and his teachings. The spirit or essence of his teachings also referred to as dhamma or dharma, serve as models for the religious life. Some of the teachings of enlightenment that have been an influence of the disciples of Buddha are in regard to having an understanding of suffering and finding the end to all suffering, and on having mutual respect by having right mindfulness and right meditation and the principle of ataman. The beliefs and practice of both Karma and Dharma allow an individual to avoid ignorance and allow for mutual respect, which in return grants the individual peace and happiness. Buddha set the stage for future Buddhist with his teachings on The Noble Eightfold Path and The Principles of Mutual Respect, which many in the world can relate to and use today. What is known about the Noble Eightfold Path? What is Mutual Respect? How can Buddhism be used and understood today?History of BuddhaThe many teachings of Buddha were not discovered until the 1st or 2nd century C.E. until the writings of Buaciha Charija (life of the Buddha) by Ashvaghosa gave an account of BuddhaÂ’s life. The Buddha who was born in ca. 563 B.C.E. in Lumbini, a place in North India near the Himalayan foothills, began his teachings around Benares (at Sarnath). “His era in general was one of spiritual, intellectual, and social ferment. This was the age when the Hindu ideal of renunciation of family and social life by holy persons seeking Truth first became widespread.” (Vail, 1982). SufferingBuddha had attained enlightenment while sitting under a Bodhi tree (The Buddha The Bodhi Tree, n.d). He sought to understand suffering, its cause, its end, and the path that led to its end. By the third night he found his answer which is known as the four noble truths. The first noble truth is the life means suffering (Kniermin, 2009). Human nature and the world is not perfect, therefore, inevitably those in the physical life will suffer from sickness, injury, pain, tiredness, old age, and eventually death. Humans also suffer psychologically such as sadness, fear, disappointment, frustration, and depression. The second truth is that the  origin of suffering is attachment. Desire causes suffering as does the pursuit of wealth and prestige. Those that strive for fame and popularity will also suffer. The third truth is ceasing suffering through nirodha. Nirodha is to not make sensual craving and conceptual attachment. To cease suffering means to remove all cause of suffering through ones actions. To attain perfection in ridding all passions and attachments one would gain Nirvana. To have Nirvana means one no longer worries or has trouble. The fourth truth is that is a gradual path of self-improvement will end all suffering and this can be attained through the following of the Eightfold Path. The Noble Eightfold Path describes the end of suffering through the practice of mental development which was described by Siddhartha Gautama (Kniermin, 2009b). The goal is to free the individual from attachments and delusions, leading one to understand the truth of all things. The beginning and the end of the path is to have the right view. The right view is to see things as they truly are and understand karma. The first step is to know that all beings suffer and to realize that the view of the world is through thoughts and the right view yields right thoughts and actions. Actions are usually expressed through ones attention. Having the right intentions is having a commitment to ethical and mental self-improvement. The three types of right intentions are: 1. to resist desire, 2. strive to avoid feelings of anger, and 3. not think or act in a violent, cruel, or aggressive manner. Although one can have the right intentions one must make an effort. One can have the right effort by preventing unwholesome states. To attain right efforts one must have the right mindfulness. To have a clear consciousness and perceive things as they truly are. The way one conducts oneself is to have the right speech, for words can break or save a person, make enemies or friend, create peace or start a war. Right speech is the practice of not telling lies, abstaining from slanderous speech, abstaining from harsh words, and abstaining from conversation that has no point. Not only is having the right words important, but having the right action. The right actions is to not take life even oneself and to abstain from robbery, fraud, deceitfulness, dishonesty, and sexual  misconduct. The way earns ones living is to have the right livelihood. One should gain wealth legally and peacefully. Some occupations that are not consider to the right livelihood would be prostitution, selling or buying of weapons, raising animals for slaughter or working in a butchery, and selling intoxicants. The eighth principle of the path is to have right concentration. To have right concentration is to establish the mind rightly, which involves all the paths of the noble eightfold (Bhikkhu, 2001 -2009). To establish the right concentration one would use meditation. Tranquil meditation quiets the mind. To enter into right concentration one has to be alert for it can not arise on its own. Once one is able to enter into right concentration one will experience stillness, rapture, and pleasure. Mutual RespectBuddhism teaches one to be mutually respectful of one another since it can lead one down a road of tolerance and acceptance. Mutual respect corresponds to the concept of treat others the way an individual would like to be treated in return. Mutual respect ensures that trust is present in all interactions. Mutual respect operates within the domain of practical reasoning and assists individuals seeking knowledge of what to do and how one should do it, when one wants to build or sustain democracy. However, practical reasoning principles differ from rules. The journey one follows towards understanding, respecting and trusting others winds through hills and valleys. It can be difficult to find the path and even more difficult to stay on the right path. The belief is that it takes true humility, willingness to first listen, a sober look at ones own shortcomings, and commitment over time, however, this approach will not work for everyone. A common thread in world religions are that the teachings are to improve humanity and improve peopleÂ’s ethical behavior thereby improving life on earth. An important leason is for people to learn not to be consumed with material things but to strive to have a balance between material and  spiritual progress. All religions need to work together to make the world a better place. The world needs not only material progress, but also spiritual progress as well. If humans only develop spiritually and do not take care of the material side then people go hungry, and that is not very good either. There needs to be a balance. One does not have to agree with or even necessarily like a person or a religion, but it does ensure that interactions run smoothly. Mutual respect implies recognition that all individuals are human beings together, that in fact, all beings are one. Humans are one and the same, of the same source, each reflecting another aspect of oneself. Instead of looking at differences between groups of people, or indeed between religions, a spiritually oriented person focuses upon similarities. If everyone were to do this, there would be no violence, no wars, no lack of respect for others, and no lack of self-respect. Mutual respect is important because it transforms conflict into peace, compromise, and production. Respect creates an atmosphere that allows for progress to be made. An individual can not expect to receive respect if he or she does not first offer respect. A person is more willing to take part in understanding something if the individual believes that his or her thoughts, opinions, and feelings will be taken into consideration and respected. Mutual respect is created when people treat others as they want to be treated. As mentioned The Golden Rule, “Do unto others as you would have others do unto you” brings forth the idea that all things are connected and in relationship to one another. Mutual respect can “grow from its own process and dynamics. Be the first to accord respect, and with time, it will develop amongst all he conflicting parties” (Beyond Intractability, 2005). If one person is giving respect but not receiving it in return from the other person, conflict is likely to result and could have consequences for both sides. A balance and compromise will result in peace. Buddhism strongly focuses on the anatman, the inner-self, and obtaining the  balance of peace with both the inner-self and outer-self. Therefore, mutual respect greatly relates to the beliefs of the Buddhist religion in respect to eliminating negative energy. Conflicts and not respecting other individuals would only defeat the purpose of what one is trying to accomplish with Ataman. Buddhists also believes in karma, the consequences of oneÂ’s actions. This means that if a Buddhist were to deny respect then in return he or she would suffer the consequences of those actions. This would delay his or her progress towards complete inner and outer peace. The Buddhist religion also discourages ignorance, or lack of knowledge, which can be a result of ignoring mutual respect. “All the problems we experience during daily life originate from ignorance and the method for eliminating ignorance is to practice Dharma” (About Buddha, 2007). Dharma is the act of protecting oneself from suffering and from problems. By practicing mutual respect an individual can avoid any unnecessary conflict or problems that would get in the way obtaining peace and happiness. “Practicing Dharma is the supreme method for improving the quality of our human life” (About Buddha, 2007). By granting mutual respect in all subject matters, an individual improves the quality of his or her life. Buddhist SectsMutual respect is realized in many Buddhist sects. BuddhaÂ’s teachings reached far beyond the area in which he began and formed two primary divisions. The original teachings of Buddha are the Southern School, called Theravada or better known as “Way of the Elders.” Theravada is mainly taught in the Southeast Asian countries. The Northern School is referred to as Mahayana or “The Greater Vehicle,” and is comprised of countries in the North (Fisher, 2002 p. 157). Many writings came from these sects. Those who follow the teachings of Theravada studied older writings called the Pali Canon. A collection of BuddhaÂ’s teachings, the Pali Canon was compiled after BuddhaÂ’s death by a council of five hundred monks who had studied under him. From the Southern School is the Triple Gem which is a collection of Buddha, dharma and sangha. These were used in order for one to convert to Buddhism. Meditations were also very important. One of the techniques was Vipassana meditation. The  word Vipassana can be translated to mean “insight.” This was important because by developing insight helps to calm, focus and watch the mind (Fisher, 2002, p. 161). From the Northern School, Mahayana teachings were referred to as the path of compassion and metaphysics. Though they had the respect of the Southern School, these were teachings that reached beyond those of the Pali Canon. The Mahayanists claimed these scriptures were given only to those kindhearted and enlightened beings. Those scriptures called the Mahayana sutras told of the significance of spiritual understanding. To the Mahayanists, the dharma is not only a term used in writings, but the actual source of a conversion event that makes one realize the need for enlightenment as the absolute significance of life (Fisher, 2002, p. 164). Through the years, Buddha made his teachings in reference to the audience in which he spoke. Buddha in effect, had taught in different levels depending on the willingness of the audience to pay attention to the truth. As time proceeded, the audience changed, and the Mahayanists looked past the Pali Canon which was a teaching to help those with lower capacities to the sutra which would teach the true meaning of the dharma. New Mahayana communities were formed. They called themselves Bodhisattvas. Bodhisattvas were dedicated to attaining enlightenment. These were teachings that expanded on those taught in the sutra. Bodhisattvas believed that not only were there special people who could gain spiritual growth; it could be obtained by the masses of people also. The goal was to achieve the enlightenment and to see in that enlightenment what you have not seen before, which is the divinity of the world (Loverade, n.d.). In accordance with these teachings, Bodhisattvas should become enlightened and return to help others to obtain the same goal. Those returning would not experience the suffering in which others were exposed. The idea is not only to become enlightened, but also to become like Buddha himself and be an enlightened one who returns to the world. ConclusionBuddha, born in 563 B.C.E brought teaching of enlightenment to the world. He taught that desiring brings suffering. He also taught his followers to respect other religions through an open mind and tolerance. Throughout Buddhisms teachings and beliefs runs the undercurrent of mutual respect and enlightenment. In essence, one cannot reach enlightenment without mutual respect. By integrating the four noble truths and the eight fold path an individual will reach an understanding of anatman and the impermanence that exists in life. Illusions will end and self-centeredness will erode and an individual will eventually be free from attachments and understand the truth of all things. Once enlightenment is reached by an individual, the individual is to become like Buddha and return to the world to help others. References About Buddha (2007). About Buddha. Retrieved July 31, 2009 from http://www.aboutbuddha.orgBerzin, Alexander, (1988). The Berzin Archives. Retrieved July 31, 2009 fromhttp://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/approaching_buddhism/world_today/buddhist_view_other_religions.htmlBeyond Intractability (2005). A free knowledge base on more constructive approaches todestructive conflict. Retrieved July 30, 2009 from http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/respect/?nid=6573Bhikkhu, T. (2001- 2009). Right concentration. Retrieved August 3, 2009 fromhttp://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/thai/suwat/concentration.htmlFail,L.F. (1982). Focus. Retrieved July 31, 2009 fromhttp://afe.easia.columbia.edu/japan/japanworkbook/religion/origins.htmlFisher, M.P. (2003). Living religions (5th ed.). Retrieved August 1, 2009 from UOPrEsource REL133Knierim, T. (2009a). The four noble truths. Retrieved August 2, 2009 fromhttp://www.thebigview.com/buddhism/fourtruths.htmlKnierim,T. (2009b). The noble eightfold path. Retrieved August 2, 2009 fromhttp://www.thebigview.com/buddhism/eightfoldpath.htmlLoverade, L. (n.d.). Five stages of consciousness in religion and the returning buddha.

Plato The Republic Perfect Immorality Philosophy Essay

Plato The Republic Perfect Immorality Philosophy Essay According to Thrasymachus, immorality in its most perfect form, practiced on a grand scale proves to be more rewarding and personally advantageous than morality (Plato Republic, 344c). Thrasymachus further elaborates on his view that morality is simply the advantage of the stronger, while immorality is the wrongdoer attaining obedience from its subjects to do what is to his advantage (343c). Socrates refutes the notion that rulers in the strict sense aim to serve their own interest against those of its subjects, he states in reality it is the exact opposite that occurs (345a). Secondly, Socrates aims to show that it is morality that is more profitable then immorality.(352d) Socrates claims Thrasymachus view, that immorality is more effective and powerful than morality is utterly incorrect and seeks to provide the correct answer(350d). Socrates believes that morality leads to a more rewarding life while immorality leads to the opposite (352d). Personally, I oppose the view that immora lity on a grand scale is more rewarding than morality, my disagreement being based on the grounds of examining the benefits of morality against immortality. Firstly, it is important to note the context that morality is being used in. Prior dialogue has concluded that morality is the advantage of the stronger, and immorality is the advantage of oneself (Beillard, Julien. 2011). Thrasymachus takes an attack at Socrates claim that no one, any and all authority, in his capacity as a ruler commands for his own advantage, but the advantage of his subjects (342e). To counter this claim, Thrasymachus examines shepherds and cowherds and the nature of the care provided to their subjects. His view is that a shepherd considers what is good for his sheep only to the extent that it serves to his advantage (343b). It seems to show that Thrasymachus is evaluating the shepherd as an occupation for profit making where the sheep are sold. In this sense it would seem that what Thrasymachus is saying is true. However I disagree with this view, that the shepherds interest is solely his own. The shepherds interests lies within personal reasons as well as inter est of the sheep for feeding and nurturing. The herder wants to provide food for his subjects to ensure that they are as healthy as possible. He also claims that in partnerships, the moral person always lags behind the immoral person. From this he means to say that when entering into business contracts, once completed the moral person becomes worse off (a little cnfusing..at least for me )In comparison to the immoral. This argument does not seem to be true since when entering into business contracts whether temporary or permanent, the parties usually have a goal in mind. As a result of the goal being completed, the parties are satisfied and part ways. From this point of view the partners would be in the same position having attained their goal and discontinuing their partnership due to their needs equally being met. Furthermore, Thrasymachus now begins to discuss immorality. He does this by stating the benefit that immorality grants the person practicing it. The wrongdoers that poss ess the will to act immorally have their subjects act in a manner to their advantage, making him happy by doing the required task (343c). What he means by this can be shown by using slaves as examples. Considering that being forced against your will to perform a task surely satisfies the slave owners but it does not satisfy the slaves happiness in the slightest way. I feel this statement is quite accurate in regards to slavery, however examining this from a different perspective can lead to a different conclusion. When working a job that has key performance measure indicators such as a call center with 108 seconds of standard talk time, management may pressure workers to meet or beat the standard talk time in order to attain bonuses from their senior managers. A work environment that is organized around performance usually has performance prizes and recognition, although management may be acting immoral by looking out for their own interest. Workers performing to the managements adv antage are actually gaining advantage for themselves by winning prizes and earning recognition. As a result they are actually furthering their happiness. To ensure that Socrates assesses the extent to which immorality rather than morality is advantageous, he advises Socrates to look at immorality in its most perfect form (344a). With that said, Immorality in its most perfect form is where the wrongdoers life is enhanced by unprecedented measures while the lives of his victims are ruined. This is the perfect form being discussed, such as a dictatorship, which imposes ones will upon a population in a grand scale and ruin the lives of others (344a). A classic example of this would be Hitler and execution of the Jewish people in the holocaust. It was a mass execution of the Jewish branch of the population. The reason he gives this example is to show what he means by practicing immorality on a grand scale by exterminating the Jews. Hitler was able to get his way and use his army in a way that was advantageous to him. His army succumbed to his wishes as he possessed the ruling power. According to Thrasymachus, Immorality practiced on a large enough scale is more powerful and has more license and authority than morality does (344c). The reason he says immorality is looked down upon is because people fear being the victims of it, not actually committing it (344c). From this statement we conclude that Thrasymachus view is that injustice is stronger than justice. An interesting observation is that after this point, there seems to be a new context added in the meaning of morality. At first morality was defined as the advantage of the stronger, and the weak acting in the interest of the stronger. After it seems a new definition is available in the form of the strong getting the weak to do as they will (Beillard, Julien. 2011). Personally I think adding this new dimension to morality creates some confusion since he still uses the new dimension to describe immorality. Perha ps the reason he does this is because he realizes that most people would recognize acting in that manner, a form of immorality or a form of not being moral (Beillard, Julien. 2011). In conclusion of Thrasymachuss view immorality is more beneficial and rewarding in comparison to morality, this being because the immoral person has more power and is always in the better position. Socrates outright contests Thrasymachus claim that rulers act in the interest of their own while neglecting the interest of their subjects (346e). Therefore he does not agree that injustice is more profitable than justice. Earlier in the dialogue, Thrasymachus advised Socrates that he is examining rulers in the strict sense. The ruler in strict sense also means the ruler who has authority and power over its subjects of interest. This means that the rulers must be infallible, if they do commit a mistake then, in that moment they are not acting in their interest and are not the stronger party (Beillard, Julien. 2011). This deviation from rulers to strict rulers seems to be a maneuver, to rid of the possibility of Socrates attaining the upper hand in the discussion. It is sometimes true that rulers and those in powers do make mistakes and unintentionally go against their own interest. Socrates however has no problem tackling a more narrow definition, transitioning from ruler to a ruler in the strict sense. Furthermore Socrates begins to examine profession. He has an ongoing conversation with Thrasymachus which leads to the conclusion that every profession has its own particular benefit to bestow (346d). Also, examining this view of expertise in the sense of authority over its subject, seems as a plausible view due to the fact that professionals with accredited backing, usually do have authority in terms of knowledge over their patients such as Doctors. In bestowing the benefit, practitioners of that particular expertise benefit by making money by the use of moneymaking skill (346c). This seems to be a bit ambiguous, since Socrates defined in earlier sections, that making money is made from the skill of money making (346c). In order to make money, these practitioners need to use that skill or craft, so in return the practitioner are not benefiting in earning money from his practice but instead from the money making skill. This leads Socrates to point out that a pra ctitioner gains no benefit from the practice of expertise, however their subjects gain all the benefits (346e). This response from Socrates signals the disagreement with Thrasymachuss assertion that morality is the advantage of the stronger party. With that said Rulers, Socrates says consider the advantage of its subject the weaker party and not the stronger party (345e). Socrates now continues the dismantlement of Thrasymachus view, by attacking his view that perfect immorality is more profitable than perfect morality. (347e) Profitable is not meant to mean making money, it is merely meant to provide more benefit. Socrates comes to the conclusion that an immoral person sets himself up as superior to others who are like him, as well as to people that are unlike him (349c). Socrates now looks to dissect Thrasymachus view that an immoral person is clever and good while the moral person is neither clever nor good (347e). Once again Socrates turns to examining professions, he inquires about whether each professional in their branch of expertise would want to set himself up as superior to another individual with the same expertise (349b). Attaining Thrasymachuss agreement at all levels, Socrates proves that a clever and knowledgeable person such as a musician, would not want to set himself up as superior to those who are like him, rather to people who lack the expertise and are unlike him (349c). However this interesting point needs some critical examination. This point seems to be a simple assumption or hypothesis that has no backing, there is no real proof and it seems a little doubtful that an immoral person would set himself up against people who are like him as well as people who are unlike him. A doctor for example would not try to set himself apart from other doctors, but maybe those who do not possess the expertise he has. To try to out-do someone of the same profession does not seem like a plausible thing for a practitioner of a certain profession to do (Beillard, Julien. 2011). The previous view by Thrasymachus was that an immoral person was clever and good. However through conversation Socrates has now got him to agree that instead it is a moral person who resembles a clever, good person, and an immoral person who resembles a bad, ignorant person (350c). From these statements, it was agreed upon that morality is a good sta te and is knowledge, while immorality is a bad state and is ignorance. In other words, Immorality leads to no profit. Socrates now leans towards opposing the claim that immorality is more effective and more powerful than morality. To begin his argument, Socrates questions that in a community or an army of pirates and thieves; could they function as a cohesive unit if they wronged each other (351c)? Thrasymachus replies that the community could not function if they were to wrong one another, and if they did not wrong one another, the community as a whole would have a greater chance of success (351d). With this in mind, Socrates explains the reasoning why the community cannot function while acting immorally. Acting immorally causes conflict and disintegration of the community, while moral behavior creates peace and friendship (351d). This is a reasonable point, from this we can see that immoral behavior causes the collapse of the unit as a whole, while moral behavior fosters relationships and creates synergy. Therefore, The function of immorality generates hatred and dysfunction (352a), so if a partne rship were to be created between two immoral people, that relationship would cease to exist. This point shows that clearly immorality is not effective. This point of view is definitely one that I agree with, since if one has the immoral behavior causing conflict, there is no way the community will be able to complete a goal or task due to the fact that the immoral behavior of the individuals internally would cause a downfall of the task at hand. The hostility generated internally will also turn to hostility between him and moral people (352a). From this it is clear to see that moral people, good people, are more effective and therefore moral people are more capable at getting things done. As a result, The evidence starts to pile against Thrasymachus. He agrees with Socrates that the gods are moral beings (352a). This shows that an immoral person will be an enemy of gods, and a moral person will be in their favor. The reason this may be is because the gods are seen as good and moral beings, and it is known that each type of person is of the same type as people he is like.(( You need to f ix this wording) Therefore the gods are unlike the immoral people, so the immoral people would fall out of favor with god, as would the dictator Thrasymachus was describing. The reason I think this is true, is because if the gods are good as people who believe in good, believe them to be. Acting bad or being immoral would definitely make someone fall out of favor with god. (You need to fix this entire sentence. I think you just need to switch around your periods and stuff) Socrates seems to have Thrasymachus stuck, agreeing with every question Socrates poses. They come to another conclusion that immoral people would never have been effective and performed in coordination, considering that if this was the case then it would be evident that there was obviously a degree of morality in them that allowed them to reach that state (352c). Socrates through and through discovers that pe ople who are perfectly immoral are incapable of doing anything, causing them to be ineffective and proving Thrasymachus claim wrong (352b). In the beginning of the discussion, Thrasymachus advised Socrates to examine the issue while looking at perfect immorality (344a). By doing this we can see that perfect immorality would cause nothing but angst among the immoral and moral community. The moral person clearly has an advantage against an immoral person after examining these arguments. Now that all of this has been said, the last point that Socrates wants to dispute is the fact that immorality is more rewarding in comparison to morality. As described earlier, every profession has a benefit, also everything has a particular job to accomplish (Beillard, Julien. 2011). The good state of anything is what makes it possible for the job to be accomplished well. The good state of anything is the function of the eyes, the good state of the eyes meaning to have vision enables us to perform the job accordingly, whereas the bad state such as being blind would restrict the ability to perform the job well (353c). This is a notion that is correct, since everything has a function and in order to fulfill the tasks, job or duty it must be in a good state or otherwise known as in working condition or good condition. If morality is a good state, as agreed upon, then it is morality that enables one to do a good job (353e). Another example he uses is the function of the mind. With this He examines the use of authority, to exercise authority using management skills. This would be a function of the mind and only the mind. The mind as all other functions has a good state. Socrates points out the fact that the mind will never perform its function without the presence of its good state (353e). What he means by this statement, is that everything has a function, a light bulb has the function to provide light, although without the presence of its good state, being powered, the light bulb will not be able to provide its function without being in a good state. These examples lead to the conclusion that any function will be performed well with a good state, and as agreed upon morality is a good mental state and immorality a bad mental state (353e). What this example points out is that morality is more rewarding then immorality, a good mental state will lead to a good life while a bad mental state will lead to a bad life (353e). The reason for this is clear because if every p art of our body, such as ears and eyes and mouth are in a bad state, it is highly unlikely we will be able to lead a good life in comparison to someone in a good state, being a moral state. Clearly we can see that the greater reward lies within the good state of morality and not immorality. A person who lives a good life is a happy person, and a person who does not is a sad person. Evidently, a pleased(you can use this word if you want? I just think you should use a diff word other than happy since you used it before) person is a moral person who lives a good life, and a sad person is an immoral person who lives a bad life (354a). Based on this line of reasoning, the claims seem to be true. Although it is plausible for someone to be immoral and still enjoy the life they have in their own line of reasoning, in regards to this reasoning to live a rewarding and happy life one must display moral behavior. In analyzing the arguments provided by Socrates leads us to believe that morality is a virtue, a special good state as he claims, however this claim seems to be a little controversial. As we have discussed above, a wise man is knowledgeable and this is a virtue, if this wise man is skilled at some art, he will not try to beat another person with the same art expertise as him (Beillard, Julien. 2011) In conclusion, it is clear that Thrasymachus initial claim is incorrect and it is actually morality practiced on a large scale that proves rewarding and advantageous. Morality is not the advantage of the stronger or the stronger party getting the weak to succumb to their demands as Thrasymachus stated. Rulers in the strict sense, who have authority over a subordinate have interest in the weaker party (345e). Thrasymachus states that immorality is more profitable however Socrates disagrees with this view and intends to prove that the statement is incorrect. The underlying belief that morality is more powerful and effective is a belief held by Thrasymachus that Socrates seeks to disprove. The last point that Socrates wants to refute, is that immorality leads to a rewarding life. As my opinions and defense have been presented, I believe that morality leads a more prosperous and advantageous life.

Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods And Procurement

Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods And Procurement The term of procurement method is frequently complex network of relationships which are formed between clients, consultants and construction companies, to enable a building project to be realized. Quantity Surveyors know how to provide a full Procurement solution at the inspection stage. There are essential clients requirements at inspection stage such as; Advice on procurement method, Contractual advice, Contractor selection, Preparation of tender and contract documentation, Forms of contract, etc. Particularly on the construction project it is vitally important to arrangement of the right method of procuring the construction works. There are different types of procurement arrangements and options exist in the construction industry Such as; Traditional (Design-bid-build), Design and Build, Management Contracting, Construction Management, Design and Manage, etc. ADR typically refers to processes and techniques of resolving disputes that fall outside of the judicial process (HG.org Worldwide Legal Directories) ADR is takes few variety forms as Negotiation, Mini-trial, Mediation, Conciliation, Mutual fact-finding, Expert Determination, Private judging, Dispute resolution boards, etc. INTRODUCTION This report emphasize for identifying critical phases of the Construction procurement and Alternative dispute resolution methods Therefore, especially highlight concerning significant phases of procurement and disputes. And also critically discuss key role of Quantity Surveyor for Disputes resolution and opinions to improve the procurement methods. MAIN BODY DISCUSSION Explain the quantity surveyors role in the various needs of client for selection of procurement at inception stage of the construction project. What is the Procurement method of Construction Project? The term of procurement method is frequently complex network of relationships which are formed between clients, consultants and construction companies, to enable a building project to be realized. It is important to discriminate the contractual relationships from managerial links, and in complex modern procurement systems. (Which Contract? 4th edition by Sarah Lupton, Stanley Cox and Hugh Clamp) Clients Requirements at the Inspection Stage Quantity Surveyors know how to provide a full Procurement solution at the inspection stage of project for all clients, such as Main Contractors, Private Public Clients. Whatever level of construction procurement is required; Quantity Surveyors have the knowledge and experience to guide clients toward a successful construction project. Hence as identified essential clients requirements at inspection stage those can be specify as follows; Advice on the most appropriate procurement method for the project, Contractual advice, Contractor selection advice, Preparation of tender and contract documentation (bills of quantities schedules of rates), Forms of contract, Reviewing tender documents (drawings and specifications). Quantity Surveyor Role based on Client requirements at for select the Procurement methods Quantity surveyors have an important role to perform in building procurement selection at the inspection stage based on client requirements because choosing the right procurement method is vital to the success of a building project. Some experience clients who may have their own professional team and an effective procurement policy and inexperience client have little or no knowledge of procurement methods; hence they require extensive professional advice at the inspection stage. Below mentioned are the vital important roles as identified. Advice on the most appropriate procurement method: as a specialty of construction Contracts, Quantity Surveyor has to advice for select a suitable procurement methods based on client requirement. Since some clients need different type of procurement methods according to their project scope. Contractual advice: as an important part of contract at the initial stage of project, required preparing an agreement to obtain clear understand and less disputes until finish the project. Hence Quantity Surveyor involves selecting and advising proper suitable contract agreement for the project as per client requirements. Advice for Contractor selection: selection of suitable contractor is complex process within role of Quantity Surveyor, because project success is depend on which selected contract organization. Hence Quantity Surveyor involves at the project inspection stage considering client needs for select a reputed contractor according to the standards procedures. Preparation of tender and contract documentation: Quantity Surveyor involves directly for preparation of calling tenders and documentations, such as, Company guarantee, Sectional Completion, Limitation of Contractors Liability, Price Adjustment for Inflation , Bonus for early Completion, Delay Damages , Changes in Law, Condition of contract, Additional Conditions, Bills of quantities schedules of rates, etc. Forms of contract: Quantity Surveyor involves selecting suitable form of contract expelling having advantage to the project when select most suitable form of contract according to the considering client requirement. One of those as JCT forms FIDIC form, NEC form, ICTAD form of contract in Sri Lanka. Reviewing tender documents: Quantity Surveyor involve to review drawings and specifications for tenders process, also tender evaluation based on predetermined estimate and preparing final report for tender award. Analyze the different type of procurement arrangement (process of conducting with advantages and disadvantages). Particularly on the construction project it is vitally important to arrangement of the right method of procuring the construction works. Not only is it important to choose the right contractor but it is vital that the contract documentation and form of contract is appropriate to the project. In basic terms Procurement is the process used to obtain construction projects. It involves the selection of a contractual framework that clearly identifies the structure of responsibilities and authorities for participants within the building process. There are different types of procurement arrangements and options exist in the construction industry as follows; Traditional (Design-bid-build) Design and Build Management Contracting Construction Management Design and Manage Traditional (Design-bid-build) Generally Traditional methods can be described under few forms procuring process as follows; Cost Reimbursed Contract Cost plus percentage Cost plus Fixed fee Cost plus Targets Lump Sum Contract Measure and pay contracts Engineers Main Contractor CLIENT Cost Consultant / Quantity Surveyor Nominated Sub-Contractor Domestic Sub-Contractor Consultant The client who is appoints an Architect as initial appointment to the project under this method, subsequently the architect appoint his design team and other consultants as requires to the project. And also the design team provides advice to the client until completion of project execution. Furthermore understand of Contractual relationship shows by below given chart. (Refer to diagram 01) Diagram 01- Contractual relationship Cost Reimbursed Contract Introduction This method is not constructive for any client due to absence of tender sum or final predicted final cost. Hence cost reimbursed contract also often provide some incentive to contractors to control costs. This method generally used only for following situations; Emergency projects, when the correct scope is unavailable where payments will be paying day work basis etc. Cost plus percentage: The contractor paid for cost of labour, material, plant and subcontractors overheads profit. And Profit directly subsists with contractors expenditures. Hence this is not constructive for clients. Cost plus Fixed fee: Profits of Contractors are pre-determined and agree with both client and contractor under this method before the start of work. Also contractor will try to control the project cost by reducing his management costs etc. Lump Sum Contract This method generally both contractor and client agree for a fix amount before the commencement of the project. The contractor is responsible to carrying out works according to the contract documents referring to the agreed cost. Further lump sum contract obtain two forms as with Quantities and without Quantities. Measure and pay contracts Particularly the Contractor is paid for actual work done according to the contract documents. There are several types of methods under this process, based on provide Drawing and Specification, Performance specifications, Schedule of rates, Bill of quantities, Bill of Approximate quantities, etc. Advantages of Traditional Method The total cost of the project Client is familiar with early, Tender price is little, High tender quality and superlative tender competition, Allow to design changes, Assist the cost management process. Disadvantages of Traditional Method Acquire additional time to start work execution from inception, Risk of design mistake occur to project delay, Lack of participation of contractor with design process. Design and Build Employ of a contractor is directly by Client instead of appointing an architect to a project under this method. Hence the Contractor is responsible for both designing and execution of the project. Also appoint a design team for develop the design using tender process by Clint. The contractor is invited by the client to develop and build the design which is done by the clients consultant under this form. (Refer to diagram 02) Design and build Contractor Client Nominated Sub-Contractor Domestic Sub-Contractor Cost Consultant / Quantity Surveyor Architect Consultants Licensees Diagram 02- Contractual relationship Advantages Contractor cant make any charge on client for design errors, High level of price certainty exists, Reduced project duration and enhanced degree of buildability, Not necessary to appoint employees other than the Contractor. Disadvantages Difficult Cost management and comparison of tenders, The building may aesthetically less acceptable if the constructors organization is smaller or less experienced team, Less knowledge about the value for money client has. Management Contracting Architect Engineering Consultants CLIENT Quantity Surveyor Trade Contractor Management Contractor Trade Contractor Trade Contractor In this method, Contractor employs by the client for mange the whole project by considering past experiences. The management contractor not doing any construction works himself. Generally distributes work packages to sub-contractors and manages them. Also paid by the client for management fee and also any other additional costs for services if has to provide before or during the construction period. (Refer to diagram 03) Diagram 03- Contractual relationship Advantages Contractor work under clients team, therefore it influence to identify clients requirements. Design team can use Contractors knowledge and management experiences for design requirements. Work is able to start early once the design of each work package is completed and also reduce project duration. Disadvantages Final cost of the project available only after the completion of the last work package only. The client would have risk on cost which can increase due to design errors. Construction Management This is similar to the management contracting but deferent is each trade contractor has direct contract with the client. The client is appointing a construction manager either consultant or contractor for organize and plan construction work. Also there is responsibility of appointing a design team as client needs. Advantages Every trade contractor have direct contract with the client therefore it is easy to redress delays. Easy to avoid or minimize practical troubles due to close relationship between construction manager and design team. Work is able to start early once the design of each work package is completed. Construction works and Project management integrated directly. Disadvantages Financial commitment difficult to identify to the client until the final work package is signed. The client has to deal with another consultant and contractors instead of main contractor more. Design and manage Designer Work Sub-Contractor Scope designer CLIENT Design Manage Contractor This method also similar to the management contracting and however the major difference is additional design responsibility to the management contractor. The form of procurement of this type of contract shows similarities to the design and build contracts but extend of the single point design responsibility. (Refer to diagram 04) Diagram 04- Contractual relationship Advantages Design team can use project managers knowledge and management experiences. Work is able to start early once the design of each work package is completed. Practical problems possible to minimize or avoid and also reduce the project duration. Explain your view on the construction procurement and suggestion to improve the effectiveness. Suggestions to improvement of Traditional method Need to be avoiding design errors and project delays by involvement of a knowledgeable independent professional body at the inception of the project. Carryout the tendering process separately for each trade package once it is completed and start execution accordingly for reduce the time duration. Suggestions to improvement of Design and Build method Client can check contractors recourses to make sure the capability of the firm to execute his project It is possible to develop the design by a 3rd party to makes sure better value for money. Briefly explain each ADR methods with advantages and disadvantages in contract. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Introduction ADR typically refers to processes and techniques of resolving disputes that fall outside of the judicial process (HG.org Worldwide Legal Directories) Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is originated in the USA, was adopted in Britain in the 1980s and is now practiced worldwideà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Page123, Quantity Surveying Construction Management, 2012) Goodwill between both parties is very important to achieve good results from ADR applications without wasting time and recourses with Arbitration or litigation. General advantages of ADR applications can review as Private, Quick, Economic, etc. ADR is takes few variety forms as follows. (Page123, Quantity Surveying Construction Management, 2012) Negotiation Mini-trial Mediation Conciliation Mutual fact-finding Expert Determination Private judging Dispute resolution boards Negotiation In negotiation participation is voluntary and there is no third party who facilitates the resolution process or imposes a resolution. There are no limits for arguments. Advantages:- All Parties can find their own judgments and Time and money saving. Fully confidential if third person not involving with the process. Disadvantages:- This might effect to the relationship of the both parties due to unnecessary arguments. Mini-trial Mini-Trial involves the top decision makers of the corporations having a dispute by engaging them in the presentation of their respective cases and the subsequent negotiating process. A mini-trial is generally not a binding method unless the parties agree otherwise. Advantages:- Independent advisor and facilitator is available. Time and money saving is exist. Unfriendliness is reduced. This method is not a trial at all and maintained confidentiality. The business relationship of the both parties is maintained Disadvantages:- Resolution if fail, parties can go to the court. Process will not succeed if the parties have any doubt on his impartiality and independence. Any party at any point of time, there is a possible to withdraw. Not much cost effective all the time. Mediation Mediation a forum in which a neutral third party facilitates communication between parties to promote settlement. A mediator may not impose his or her own judgment on the issues for that of the parties. Advantages:- Avoid unfriendliness and Less cost than go to the courts. Mediators knowledge helps to the parties guide clear future disputes. Disadvantages:- When parties week and strong, Possible to make agreement it may be lopsided to favor of the more prominent side. Conciliation One party invites to other party to resolve disputes trough Conciliation and the process will commence once the invitation is accepted. This process newer commence if other party rejects the invitation. If both party fail the process they has to go to the arbitration to resolve disputes. Advantages:- Both parties attempt to become for negotiation as of the great respect of the neutral person and also it is faster than negotiation. Disadvantages:- Less confidential due to involvement of conciliator. Expenses are higher. No any binding between both parties. Mutual fact-finding All the parties strongly engage and make a report with or without assistance of a mutual expert. The parties can solve their disputes trough the report and also this report is possible to use as a trial, as well as can give as evidence to the court or arbitration. Dispute resolution boards In the background of construction contracts, a DRB include a board of one or three persons, independent of the contracting parties, engaged to carry out an overview role of the execution of the project. Its primary function is to assist the parties to avoid disputes if possible or if not, to assist them to a quick, cost-effective and avoid the need for arbitration or litigation. (Dr Donald Charrett, Barrister, Arbitrator and Mediator Owen Dixon Chambers East, Melbourne) Advantages The panel acts realistically as third person. The Panel members are industrial experts. Early responses save time and money. Disadvantages:- Select and appoint of members are complicate process. Not retain confidentiality. Expert determination This is a private alternative to court litigation for the resolution of disputes. It is one of a number of ADR  methods available including arbitration,  mediation and adjudication. (Daniel Djanogly Forensic Accountants Chartered Arbitrators) Advantages Cheaper than running a case to trial. Allow both parties a greater knowledge of how the factual evidence is likely to be decided if the case goes to trial. Disadvantages The expert has no power to force his findings on the parties. One party is probable to have to sure the other to implement determination of the expert. Private judging Private Judging is a special type of decisional process, based on arbitration.    A retired judge is appointed by parties in dispute to preside over a private trial. Advantages It offers convenience and flexible to all parties. The flexibility of this method ownership and control of the litigation to the dispute. It is speedy process confidentially Disadvantages This is some considerably costly method in ADR The parties are unable to evaluate the quality of the judgment which given under this method. The parties entered into the contract they may face to various disputes. Discuss the role of the quantity surveyors input, from the inception to completion of the project. Role of the quantity surveyors for Disputes Resolution To be identified and scheduled might be occurred disputes at the early stage. Involving and discuss with line managers regarding the identified disputes. Advice to the client for selecting an accurate method of dispute resolution. As an initial action try to be settle by negotiation action to avoid wasting time and money. If negotiation is unsuccessful, to be advised to the senior management for go to the ADR methods by avoiding go to the Arbitration or Litigation. Perform to evaluate and advise to select the correct method from available in ADR process. Collects and prepares all necessary supporting documents required to the ADR process. Attending for relevant meetings and review the issues of meeting CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION Basically Construction project disputes are occurred due to selection of inappropriate procurement applications for the project. Hence selection of suitable procurement methods at project inspection stage is a very important responsibility within role of Quantity Surveyor. I recommend every Quantity Surveyor should develop their knowledge in-field of Construction procurement application and disputes resolution methods in practically.

Comparisons betwen the movie One Flew over a Cuckoos Nest and a visit to a mental institution :: essays research papers

In this paper I will be comparing the visit to the State Mental Institution and the movie One Flew Over a Cuckoo's Nest. I think the two aspects of metal illnesses has had a effect on the way I see people who are not mentally stable. The three topics that are being compared are; staff concerns, spiritual development, and treatment methods. In the movie One Flew Over a Cuckoo's Nest the staff concernments was different from the staff concernments at the mental institution. In the movie nurse Ratchet was an bad influence to the patients who needed to be helped in the social groups. Instead of nurse Ratchet listening to the patients, she patronized and compressed them into their own kind of thinking. I think instead of helping them, Ms. Ratchet only mad the worst come out of the patients because of the way she downed their inner feelings and did not treat them as real people . From the visit at the State Hospital, the staff seem to real care about the patients and their mental stableness. I think with most mental illness people can really get help from people who actually care. If the staff really listen to what their patients have to say, then a patient can only be lead to better health. I think in any mental institution spiritual development with God should be allowed regardless of anything. In the movie, there really was not anything spiritual that was talked about. I think that if the nurse's and the patients had a spiritual side to them, then the sessions that took place could have been more helpful to the patients. In the State Institutionone staff memeber, told us that spirituality was show in the institution, but not to much because the staff members do not want to force their religion on the patients. The ways of treatment to the patients was an huge difference between a movie and reality. In the movie the shock treatment was heavily used for the patients who would get out of hand in the sessions. I thought that was nurse Ratchet crazy way to deal with the patients mental illnesses. In the movie there was also a time called; Medicine Time, where the patients would line up to take their medicine. In the State Institution we really did not see any patients lining up for their medicine, because they were treated like people.

Gustave Caillebottes Paris Street; Rainy Day Essay -- Paris sous la P

Gustave Caillebotte's Paris Street; Rainy Day The first thing that strikes me is the size of the work. About seven feet tall and nine feet wide, this painting dominates its gallery and overwhelms the viewer. The couple in the foreground of the painting is nearly life size, and with the man poised to take another step it seems he might climb right over the frame and walk right into the gallery. The bold perspective thrusts the scene outward, and with details such as the sharply receding roofline of the main building and the acute tilt of the street, geometric and visual effects are created which push and pull the viewer and instill the painting with action. This work is more complex and detailed then one might first imagine, and with such a rich surface and vast array of minutiae it truly requires an "in person" viewing for full comprehension. Painted in 1877 by the wealthy painter/impressionist connoisseur Gustave Caillebotte, Paris, A Rainy Day is a depiction of a familiar five-way intersection in a wealthy area of Paris near the artist's home on a rainy and overcast day. A host of characters are dispersed throughout the canvas, strolling about and engaging in usual daily activities. The expansive street and uniform architecture, common in Paris after Haussmann's renovations, are accentuated, and in many ways the work is a verisitic snapshot of modern everyday life. In the foreground a well to do couple with interlocked arms and a shared umbrella walks towards the viewer. By noting the angle of reflections from the lamppost and other figures it seems as if the painter is taking his view from directly in front of these persons, and being the most prominent figures they certainly warrant a more detailed discussion. The man gazes to his right. His eyes are a soft grayish hue and he walks assertively. The gaze on his face is difficult to read; perhaps he is longing or being contemplative, in any event he seems detached. It seems reasonable to label him the protagonist. The woman tilts her head as well, and is most likely observing the same object or event as her companion. Observed close up she appears to have an emergent smile on her comely face. The dots on her veil, a dazzlingly white earring (likely a diamond) and an azure blue tuft of cloth noticeable at her neckline are particularly striking, and provide vibrancy... ...e men from the title of flaneur. In the expression on their faces it almost seems as if there is some yearning for prior times. Because this painting is a modern cityscape it is ipso facto a painting of modernity (one thinks of Baudelair) and a record of the fashions of 1877. By recording the actual events of his own time, Caillebotte was part of a somewhat radical new type of painting. His figures are shown accurately in contemporary dress, and he has essentially taken a mundane and fleeting moment and captured it eternally on a monumental scale. Celebrating modernity, while simultaneously casting a critical eye, is one of the signature hallmarks of impressionism and inchoate modern art. Paris, A Rainy Day is a complex work of both technical virtuosity and implied thematic elements which synthesize to engross the viewer visually and entice them mentally to think about urban life and feelings of alienation. The painting conflates multiple issues which surround and form the foundation of the art historical study of the Impressionists' Paris, and remains in its grandeur as a historical visual document, a commentary on urban life, and a testament to modernity.