“Apple Computer, Inc. Think Different, Think Online Music” free essay sample

1. 4 C’s Stakeholder Analysis †¢Customers Based on the foundation of â€Å"the period of the Digital lifestyle†, iTunes 3 objective clients are; StakeholderStake in the projectPotential sway on ProjectGrowth level of online distributionPerceived mentalities or potentially hazards 12 †24 yearsDownloaded a normal of 12 tunes for every month, lodging libraries between 25 to in excess of 300,000 melodies from the internetHigh59%†¢Unlimited library of tunes and recordings by type, craftsman and collection †¢Software configuration is appealing and simple to utilize Sound in industry standard Dolby Advanced Audio, permitting CD quality sound †¢Better information pressure permitting clients to store more documents all the more rapidly †¢There was no membership expense yet tunes were not free †¢The youngsters and kids felt abused by the heightening costs of music 25 †34 yearsDownloaded in any event one music record from the internetHigh43% 35 †54 yearsDownloaded at any rate one music document from the internetMedium24% Online music was developing to be the best marvels in the United States. Measurements show that by July 2003, 65 million individuals in the USA had downloaded a tune from the web. We will compose a custom exposition test on â€Å"Apple Computer, Inc.: Think Different, Think Online Music† or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The development rate by December 2002 was at 26% and by under 5 months it had developed to over 30%. Most customers of this online music were kids and youngsters. They felt abused by the raising costs of music from stores and sort to search for other free or less expensive intends to claim the music. (They don't have a reliable pay). Today’s music industry focuses on the more youthful age. They like to be ‘down with the most recent discharges (both sound and video)’, ‘the freshest child on the block’ and to be known to possess it. ITunes interface as appeared in show 7; have the top collections, top tunes, most recent discharges and top choices and a free 30 second full quality review of any melody. This will hold onto the monotonous hunt on the web, yet have a one stop look for every one of their inclinations. In view of this, the objective section 12 †24 years was the most significant. †¢Company ITunes fit Apple’s brand and capacities in light of the fact that Apple’s brand as of now represents itself with no issue. It is related with elevated level creative items with end client capacities from the time it started. Mac has for a considerable length of time attempted to have items that are selective to Mac Computers. Despite the fact that the market portion doesn't permit them to do that 100%, they needed to have elective comparative items for Windows PC clients. Apple consistently created items that would be utilized first by Mac clients, to stay in the stunning highlights and assets. They were faithful to their clients. ITunes was propelled into the previously existing business sector that Apple conveyed. Its vision was to be a significant player in the computerized coordination. At the hour of its dispatch, iTunes accompanied the best administrations and highlights to every one of its rivalries. Apple consistent to keep up an exclusive expectation of its items. †¢Competitors Tunes CompetitorsWeaknessesOpportunities for iTunesStrengthsThreats for iTunes Peer to Peer Networks-Quality of downloads was poor - No assurance of the document download was a full form - No assurance of right melody or right title - Trading of copyrighted records was in fact illicit - RIAA system of lawfully assault ing people made some reevaluate utilizing these administrations - The music for certain systems were on rental premise Provided CD quality sounds and better information pressure - Guarantee of full form download and lawful exercises on the grounds that the five biggest music distributers authorized tunes to iTunes. A prepared market section - The client possesses the music - Networks were free, containing a boundless library of melodies and recordings - Easy copying into CDs and MP3 players - Software configuration is anything but difficult to utilize and alluring - One can claim tunes shortly - Can make melodic treasurys - Songs are put away straightforwardly on the Hard circle of all PC clients, not restricted to Mac clients as it were. - Downloads costs about equivalent to a CD in the store, this can dishearten the (12 †24 years) target clients who don't have devoted pay and right now believe that the expenses of a CD is costly. - The tune list is constrained to around 200,0 00. This administration is elite to Mac clients, along these lines other PC clients can't get to it. Buymusic. com-A range in cost for tunes - Users needed to experience end-use understandings before claiming a melody - One can't explore their downloads - Songs were not perfect to the well known ipod player-One expense for all tunes - Site is shopper neighborly - Songs are accessible by title, craftsman, collection and type before downloading - The ipod player is an Apple brand. - 300,000 tune library - Costs as meager as $0. 79 - Downloads accessible as individual melodies or collections - Downloads are not constrained legitimately to the work area, however other media - Extensive fringe memory gadgets store Different substance and use rules dependent on the quantity of PC moves, CD copies and versatile music moves - Services offered to the bigger PC clients (Windows innovation)- The tune list is restricted to around 200,000. - Costs $ 0. 99, Buymusic. com offers a lower rate. This can be increasingly alluring to the (12 †multi year olds) client target. - Mass exchanges of downloads are constrained to ipods. - Apple clients are at 4% PC showcase, neglecting to change over Windows PC clients. BuyMusic. Com has a bigger crowd offering a similar help. Music Stores-A tune/collection costs more - Stores were situated in explicit regions The shopper doesn't have control of the playlist - Tedious to appear to be unique at costs starting with one store then onto the next truly A melody is less expensive than a collection - Consumers select their own playlist - Online stores like iTunes were a tick away and accessible to all web clients - Easy to take a gander at various costs online-The music business bolsters them 100%; thusly there are no legitimate issues. - Available proposals of brought value down to buy music - An a lot bigger determination of music-The Music business could create copyright issues at some random time, along these lines legitimate issues wi th RIAA - The tune list is constrained to around 200,000. Network The other outer association/partner that could influence whether iTunes succeeds are; - Government e. g. on the off chance that it presents by laws managing the utilization of web based business or web based stores. - Suppliers e. g. The 5 music merchants choose to suspend the offer of their permit, not to concede select appropriation, increment their value cost of the permit. - Recording Industry Association of America with ceaseless dangers of copyright issues. - Lobby gatherings; airing worries on unequivocal music and video content that is uncovered/open to youngsters and adolescents (12 †24 years, showcase portion). The activity of the accompanying individuals can influence the view of shoppers at the media level and thus, the Apple brand is undermined. 2. Situating Map of iTunes 3. ITunes Marketing Mix †¢Product Brand†¢ITunes is an item from the Apple Brand. Apple is a significant player in computerized joining. Appearance†¢Attractive and easy to use interface as show in Exhibit 7. Quality†¢The nature of the melodies is industry-standard Dolby Advanced Audio coding position delivering CD quality sound. Packaging†¢Better information pressure empowering clients to store tunes and permitting quicker downloading speeds. Backing Service†¢Songs downloaded are lawful with complete proprietorship †¢A huge library with abilities of looking through melodies by craftsman, tune title, collection and additionally classification. †¢A arrangement of 30 seconds see Functionality†¢Exclusive to Mac clients just †¢Price FinancingNarrow net revenue because of eminences Per tune Royalties $ 0. 70 Admin Costs $ 0. 12 Profits $ 0. 17 Total $ 0. 99 List priceA single cost for each tune, paying little heed to the class, craftsman, collection or hit. AllowancesAvailability of extra tracks Place Location†¢Internet based site working as the interface for the online store Channel of motivation†¢One click shopping administration Market Coverage†¢Available universally, serving different clients at one given time †¢Promotion Media†¢Abundance of positive press †¢Apples sharp brand tones was nonstop with a significant number of the specialists pictures Advertising†¢Attr active TV promoting rush with natural tones †¢Ilife packaged programming suite †¢As the Strategic Director of iTunes, to make an obstruction against the opposition, I would: a. Dispatch a windows adaptation with no more deferrals . Include an extra element I. e. client dedication plans binds clients to purchase at iTunes just c. Client the board programming following and checking customers buys needs d. Buymusic. com was select to Windows PC clients that were the bigger level of the PC showcase. I would propose to obtain buymusic. com and gain their bigger piece of the overall industry. Coordinate the declaration to customers with the dispatch of the Windows rendition with Apple quality and marking. I would hold the Mac clients and obtain new customers with the windows PC clients. This will give iTunes the restrictiveness they have been attempting to pick up. e. I would expand the brand value via completing exercises that would improve the brand picture I. e. focusing on the 12 †multi year olds f. To put resources into vital collusions with the 5 biggest music distributers †in order to accomplish eliteness. This would infer that their rivals would need to purchase from them or it locks them out that buyers can just purchase from iTunes. Be that as it may, one needs to think about the cost ramifications and the situating of the market, as elite wholesalers. 4. From a Strategic perspec

To Outline a Synthesis or Summary of two Quantitative Research Paper

To Outline a Synthesis or Summary of two Quantitative Articles about Nursing Rounds - Research Paper Example Meade, Amy L. Bursell and Lyn Ketelsen (2006) entitled â€Å"Effects of Nursing Rounds on Patients’ Call Light Use, Satisfaction and Safety† which found that hourly adjusts by nursing staff assumed a huge job in lessening tolerant falls just as expanding their fulfillment while simultaneously diminishing the utilization of the call light. This examination has been structured in a semi trial like the past investigation where hourly adjusts are led by the attendants from two units in particular 4S and 6S. 4S is a control unit where information was gathered on an hourly round while 6S has been intended to keep up the present practice where there is no change executed. Research has indicated that falls among patients in the US are an issue given that 2.3 to 7 falls happen in U.S. emergency clinics each 1000 patient days and around 30-48% percent of these falls bring about injury among both old and youthful patients. In any case, in this examination, it has likewise been dis covered that hourly nursing rounds can diminish the pace of falls among the patients by 52 %. The examination found that patients conceded in emergency clinics frequently require help with individual errands, for example, the utilization of the can just as during eating times where they will call for help utilizing the call light. This investigation additionally found that the degree of patient fulfillment is controlled by their impression of the manner in which a medical attendant directs her obligations. While the consider light offers a life saver to the patients in medical clinic, it has additionally been seen that it tends to be distressing in the interest of the rehearsing attendant. It regularly adds to issues, for example, weakness among the attendants and this adversely impacts on their patient consideration the executives which is frequently exacerbated by the current lack of staff. Accordingly, hourly adjusts have been seen as compelling in this specific examination which was persisted a year time frame. In any event, the examination has been continued an extensive stretch contrasted with the past one. The inspecting strategy utilized by the investigation is non-likelihood test regarding all matters who are 18 years and over admitted to 4 South (Oncology/OBGYN) or 6 South (Orthopedic/Neurology) at Hospital during the time of the exploration. This technique is perfect given that the outcomes are probably going to be solid since it is comprehensive all things considered. This area likewise sums up an article by Tucker, S.J. et al (2011) which is entitled Results and Challenges in Implementing Hourly Rounds to Reduce Falls in Orthopedic Units.† According to this article, quiet falls stay an issue particularly in intense consideration offices as they have pessimistic effects, for example, injury to the influenced individuals. Fundamentally, quiet fall can be portrayed as impromptu plunge to the floor (Curie, 2003). These range from 1.7 to 25 for e very 1,000 patient days with roughly 6â€44% of these subsequent in injury. Along these lines, persistent security through the decrease of falls is a significant marvel in the medicinal services industry and can be gotten from executing organized nursing adjusts intercessions (SNRIs) as indicated by this specific investigation. This investigation has been intended to build up the pace of patient fall during the three time frame interims specifically: benchmark, during the 12-week SNRI execution, and 1-year following usage. As indicated by this paper, proof of successful mediations to forestall and lessen tolerant falls is blended (Oliver et al. 2007; Currie 2008). In any case, in certain investigations like crafted by Christine M. Meade, Amy L.

Healthful Eating for Weightlifters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Invigorating Eating for Weightlifters - Essay Example The mindfulness for such sound standpoint is more all inclusive now than any other time in recent memory. There are more wellness camps, more exercise centers in the area, more wellbeing and wellness hardware and offices, and the individuals who don't approach these or don't feel their need have suitable options in heart stimulating exercise and yogic positions. (Robert J. Buresh, MS, et al). The initial move towards the accomplishment of good wellbeing and build is legitimate eating regimen and exercise. This paper is centered around refreshing eating for weightlifters. Thusly, we are going to focus on those muscles that help weightlifters. There are muscles for exercises, for example, long distance runners. These muscles are comprised of Type 1 filaments and are undeniably appropriate for sprinters and different exercises of oxygen consuming nature. The Type 2 fiber muscles produce with the end goal of short eruptions of vitality and are perfect for weight lifters. (Jonny Bowden). In this manner, the eating regimen and activities for weightlifters are confined in the wake of looking at two variables. Factor number one is the weightlifter. Diet and exercise include factor number two. So as to fulfill the measures for factor number one, the weightlifter's age, sex, tallness, weight, weight file, current situation with wellbeing, wellbeing history, and inability (assuming any) are recorded. The chronicle of information for factor number two will incorporate present eating regimen and physical exercises, heart beat and heartbeat rates, calories level, and wellbeing related issues (assuming any). 4. Good dieting and Exercises It may not be conceivable to get the total routine of diet and exercise reasonable for a specific individual in one day. Getting hold of the routine is the initial step. Step by step, the procedure may experience changes as the weightlifter proceeds on the eating routine and exercises, and moves up to abstains from food and physical exercises which help in execution enhancements. As an initial step, the routine involves the accompanying. 4.1 Nutrition The nourishment that outcomes from dietary admission in our bodies is important for us all. The body will essentially fall without sustenance. It is important for our wellbeing. Nourishment helps battle infections, and pads the impacts of weariness. It is significant that the weightlifter expends diet of the privilege healthy benefit to suit his needs. The eating regimen must be to such an extent that the change of muscle to fat ratio into muscle is handily accomplished when joined with work out. 4.2 Essential to Long Life An eating regimen that gives solid nourishment is basic to long life which is liberated from ailment and ailments. It is significant for the weightlifter to shoulder as a top priority a positive way of life is one of the key fixings in execution improvement issues. Execution isn't just identified with diet and activities however it involves the psyche too. After

Financial Market Securities - Free Essay Example

Financial Terms: Definition Role in Finance Primary Market: Primary market is the new issue market of securities. This market brings together the sources and use or supply and demand for new capital funds. The main source of fund for the primary market is the savings of individuals and businesses. In a highly developed capital market, the largest portion of the individuals saving reaches the new issue market indirectly through financial intermediaries (Bhalla, 2005). Role of primary market: In the primary market, Companies directly interact with the investors. Companies raise their new capital in the primary market through public issue and private placements. The basic instruments of raising capital through primary market are debt and equity. Sale of new securities is channeled through the primary market. Both the corporate and government can raise their capital through the issue of new securities. In the primary, market the securities may be issued at face value, premium or discount. The primary market allows the issue of securities in both domestic and international market (Pandey, 2007). Thus, primary market is the market through which the risk capital of issuing company can be circulated. There is no commitment for the interest payment in this market and payment of dividend is also not compulsory and can be paid after fulfilling all kinds of overheads. Listed shares give the benefit of the liquidity to the shareholders. In short, the primary market plays an important role for the companies. Secondary Market: The secondary market is the segment of the capital market, which deals the second hand securities, i.e. securities which are already issued by the companies and have listed in the stock-exchange. In the secondary market, the investors interact with themselves. The secondary market also includes the over- the-counter market and the derivatives market. The secondary market is also called Stock Market. The main instruments of the secondary market are equity shares, security receipts, government securities, commercial papers etc. (Pandey, 2007). Role of Secondary Market: The secondary market determines the price and risk of the issued securities. It provides useful signals to both listed companies and investors to act in the primary market. In the secondary market, the common investors have an effective base for the purchasing and selling of their securities. In the companies, the secondary market performs activities to raise their share value (Bhalla, 2005). Thus the secondary market encourages the individuals and institutions to purchase the new securities. The buyer of the financial securities gets marketability with an executable secondary market. Thus the existence of the firm secondary market raises the efficiency of the primary market (Horne, Wachowicz Bhaduri, 2008). Risk: Risk is defined as the variability of the actual return from the expected returns associated with a given asset/investment. The risk associated with the security is directly proportional to this variability. If the return from the asset is certain, there will be no risk. The risk associated with any asset or security has two components- Diversifiable and Non-diversifiable. The statistical measures of risk of an asset are Standard Deviation and Coefficient of Variation (Khan Jain, 2002). Role of Risk: The unsystematic risks are related to the specific firms such as strike and regulatory actions. These risks can be reduced through effective diversification. Whereas systematic risk arises due to the factors affecting all firms like war, political problems, inflation, etc. These risks cannot be ignored by the firms. All the risks associated with the market portfolio are systematic or unavoidable. Thus only non diversifiable risk is the applicable risk (Khan Jain, 2002). The investors in the market always prefer to invest in those securities which have highest return for a lower rate of risk or the lowest risk for a lower rate of return. Both the return and risk are measured in terms of expected value and standard deviation respectively. Investment: Investment is one of the categories of fixed assets. Investment includes all those consumptions, which are expected to produce profits to the firm over a long period of time and comprehends both intangible and tangible assets. The investment refers to investing funds in the securities of another company. Investments are long term assets outside the business of the firm. The purpose of investment is either to earn return or/and to control another company. The investment decisions come under capital budgeting of the firm (Pandey, 2007). Role of Investment: Investment opportunities are created or identified not occurs automatically. Investment ideas of most of the companies are generated at the plant level. In some countries, investment idea generation is done through a bottom-up process, while in others it is done through both-bottom up as well as top-down process. Once the investment proposals are identified they are submitted for scrutiny. Thus investment decisions are important for the firms long term growth. Investment affects the risk of the firm as it involves commitment of large amount of funds. Investments are reversible or irreversible at substantial loss. Thus investment and investment decisions are the most critical elements of a firms growth. Security: Securities which are also known as financial assets are financial tools like shares, bonds or debentures. Securities are issued to the investors by the companies in the primary capital markets to raise essential funds. The securities issued by firms are traded-bought and sold by investors in the secondary capital markets or stock exchanges. Securities include lease obligations and borrowings from banks, financial institutions and other resources. Role of Securities: References Bhalla, V. K. (2005). Investment Management Security Analysis and Portfolio Management. (12th ed.). New Delhi: S. Chand Company Ltd. Pandey, I. M. (2007). Financial Management. (9th ed.). New Delhi: Vikas Publishing Houses Private Ltd. Horne, J. C., Wachowicz, J. M. Bhaduri, S. N. (2008). Fundamentals of Financial Management. (12th ed.). New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley (India) Private Ltd. Khan, M. Y. Jain, P. K. (2002). Financial Management. (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd.

Architecture Of The Taj Mahal - 1355 Words

Taj Mahal is one the greatest piece of architecture of India. This mosque-mausoleum was built by Emperor Shah Jahan for his beloved resting wife Mumtaz, who died in childbirth. it is also more than a building because the Taj Mahal is the physical manifestation of a man’s everlasting love for his deceased wife, therefore, it be referred to as a symbol of eternal love. The Taj Mahal is a complex of buildings consisting of a beautiful garden, main gate, decoration, a mausoleum, mosque, and some other magnificent buildings. This architectures also carries a rich culture and vocabulary of the Islamic religion and teachings that in essence ties the Islamic believers and brings them closer to their God and values for each other. This paper†¦show more content†¦The great gate (Darwaza-i rauza) stands to the north of the entrance forecourt (jilaukhana) and provides a symbolic transition between the worldly realm of bazaars and caravanserai and the spiritual realm of the paradi se garden, mosque and the mausoleum.The red sandstone structure is surrounded by octagonal towers namely minarets topped by white marble domes on the corners. The white marble is densely used in the arches of the centre while the thin margins around the rectangular panels of the corner towers are only lined. The top of the arches is ornamented with floral patterns. The main entrance is framed in rectangular with sura 89 of the Qur’an, namely al-Fajr (daybreak) inviting the believers into the Paradise. The Gate does not have an outer dome. The miniature eleven domes (cupolas) between the two high columns namely guldastas, framing the entrance from the base are the topping features above the entrance. The central vault inside the gate is ornamented with stars and partial stars. Taj Mahal is a perfect symmetrical design, a beautiful white appearance can be regarded as a pearl. In Islamic architecture, the whole building was decorated, but in India such gaudy decorations were mod est, becoming somewhat sour. Especially in Taj Mahal, the decoration became less conspicuous because it became ascetic. For decoration, a thin line of arabesque pattern and Islamic calligraphy are used and decorated with calligraphy calligraphy patterns such asShow MoreRelatedThe Taj Mahal Essay1371 Words   |  6 Pagessame time entirely decorative (Taj Mahal, 2008).Keyserling went on to say, â€Å"It is perhaps the greatest art work which the forming spirit of mankind has ever brought forth (Taj Mahal, 2008). An American novelist, Bayard Taylor referred to this structure as a castle in the air (Taj Mahal, 2008). Constructed as a tomb for the emperor’s deceased wife, the Taj Mahal stands as one of the greatest manmade creations in the history of the world. The travel website, Taj Mahal, illustrates the origins ofRead MoreThe Taj Mahal Essay994 Words   |  4 PagesThe Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal is a complex of astonishing visualization. People from all walks of life have a fascination with the Taj Mahal. No matter what nationality, preference of religion or lifestyle, people will be mesmerized by this breath taking complex. (Ahmed A. 1993). Scholars, Scientist Geologist, Historians, Poets, photographers, and painters all elaborated in discussion and contributed their opinions pertaining to this wonder of the world. Studies also have been conducted by geologistRead MoreAnalysis Of Taj Mahal1640 Words   |  7 PagesAnalyzing the Dome: An Essential Research Analysis of the Taj Mahal: The Taj Mahal, worked by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan to celebrate the passing of his better half Mumtaz Mahal, is thought to be a wonder of Mughal development. While the structure has been considered in incredible detail from an architectural point of view, restricted examinations have been directed regarding its auxiliary security. Moreover, next to no data exists as to how the building, particularly its unmistakable dome, wasRead MoreThe Importance and Influence of Architecture in the World of Humanities933 Words   |  4 Pagesof humanities. Taj Mahal is located in Agra, India where it lies in Northern Indian by the river of Jumna. The Taj Mahal was made by Shah Jahan for his wife who he had lost in 1631 due to giving birth to his fourteenth child. Before she died, she wished her husband to, â€Å"not to marry again and to prove their endless love by building a dreamlike beautiful mausoleum† (â€Å"Taj Mahal†). The Muslim army commander and Mogul Emperor kept his promise to his beautiful wife, Mumtaz Mahal, and made this beautifulRead MoreThe Taj Mahal : A Tale Of A Romantic Love Story Behind It Essay1443 Words   |  6 PagesTaj Mahal The Taj Mahal is known largely as one of the most famous and beloved structures in India with a tale of a romantic love story behind it. The magnificent structure is located in Agra, India along the bank of the Yamuna River. Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned the Taj Mahal in 1632 for his beloved late wife Mumtaz Mahal meaning â€Å" Beloved Ornament of the palace† (TajMahal). Mumtaz also known as Arjumand Banu Begum Was born in April 1593 to Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan, her father who was a PersianRead MoreMughal Architecture : The Unmistakable Indo Islamic Building Style Essay1056 Words   |  5 Pages Mughal architecture ï  ¶ Introduction: Mughal design is the unmistakable Indo-Islamic building style that created in northern and focal India under the support of Mughal sovereigns from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. It is a strikingly symmetrical and enriching amalgam of Persian, Turkish, and Indian engineering. The Mughals were additionally prestigious for making choice gardens in the Persian format, in which the quadrilateral greenery enclosures were separated by walkways or streamingRead More Personal Narrative: My Visit to Agra and the Taj Mahal Essay1190 Words   |  5 PagesTaj Mahal Out of many places I visited all around the world, the place I like the most is the beautiful city of Agra. It’s a quite town located on the North of India. When we talk about Agra one image that comes in mind is Taj Mahal. Yes one of the seven wonders is here. Agra is full of architectural monuments. And I also visited Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri, and Buland Darwazaand. Food was not really good. Besides Taj Mahal, Agra is famous for handicrafts, leather and fine arts. It was fun shoppingRead MoreShah Jahan and His Architectural Contribution to India5907 Words   |  24 PagesContents Introduction 3 Chapter 1 7 Taj Mahal: Shah Jahan’s symbolism of his eternal love 7 1.1 Who Built It? 9 1.2 Features 10 1.3 The Judgment Day 11 1.4 Conclusion 12 Chapter 2 13 Shah Jahan and his Empire 13 2.1 Religious Changes 14 2.2 Political Changes 15 Conclusion 17 Bibliography 18 Introduction Shahanshah Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I, Shah Jahan was the 5th emperor of the Mughal Empire after  Babur,  Humayun,  Akbar, and  Jahangir. He reigned from 8th November 1627 to 2ndRead MoreEssay On Taj Mahal1771 Words   |  8 PagesThe Taj Mahal Taj Mahal, a marvelous white marbled mahal, symbolizes the beauty of love, and misery, is one of the seven wonders of the world. Taj Mahal was built during the Mughal Period when Mughals (Muslims) from Persia, Afghanistan, and many parts of middle east conquered India. It was built by fifth Mughal emperor Shah Jahan who ruled India during the early 17th century. He constructed the divine Taj in the memory of his begum (wife) Mumtaz Mahal. Mumtaz Mahal was a Persian Muslim Princess,Read MoreThe Taj Mahal or The Golden Temple820 Words   |  3 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS Painted Art 1 History 1 Murals and Miniatures 1 Folk and Tribal Art 1 Religious Art 1 Christian Art 1 Buddhist Art 2 Islamic Art 2 Architectural Art 2 Taj Mahal 2 The Golden Temple 2 Humayun’s Tomb 2 Festivals 3 Dance 3 Theater 3 Music 3 India has some of the world’s greatest arts. For example the Taj Mahal, the Golden Temple, and Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple. In India, art is expressed in many different forms. India has one of the world’s largest collections of songs, music

Kashmir Issue - 1534 Words

I remember when I used to leave my home for school early in the morning my mom used to instruct me not to speak with the cops and when I used to return home safely in the evening she used to treat me as if I had returned after a decade. Today nobody knows whether their near dear ones will return home by the dusk. That’s the fear that the people of Kashmir are living with. Freedom, for Kashmir, is a search for the lost identity of its rich cultural religious class of medieval world. The issue of Kashmir is not as ordinary as most of the people in India think. People of Kashmir are dying dying for the future of their unborn. I just want to convey to the outer world the citizens of India that the common man in Kashmir is not a†¦show more content†¦Britishers gave independence to India without thinking that they have ruled India for Decades. Why cannot India give Independence to Kashmir so that thousands of lives could be saved? Indian Govt. has been claiming for years that Kashmir is their integral part cares for its own people. Now the question is why the politicians are interested in ripping the article 370 from Kashmir why innocent people are being killed on a daily basis- as if they have any sales target (KILLING PEOPLE) to achieve per day or month? Govt. agencies are trying to destabilize the economy of Kashmir and shatter the only hope Kashmiris have. The entire world is of the opinion today that the best solution to the problem of Kashmir is to allow them to make their own choice. Why not Referendum? Trust me they have only two choices, either INDIA or INDEPENDENT KASHMIR. The problem arose from the day the British through its East India Company wanted to establish its rule over India for which in order to improve its economy sold Kashmir for a meager Rs.75 lacks to then Dogra Ruler, Maharaja Hari Singh under Amritsar Treaty. This led to â€Å"QUIT KASHMIR† movement for a long period. During the course of time, India Pakistan got liberated from the British in 1947. However, 642 princely states of United India were given the right to exercise option of either joining India or Pakistan. On 26th October, 1947 the state of Jammu and Kashmir was accessioned to India and this accession of the state ofShow MoreRelatedKashmir Issue2031 Words   |  9 Pagesside sticks to its claims over Kashmir, the Kashmiri Muslims continue to pay a heavy price for their defiant struggle against overwhelming odds in order to exercise their right of self determination. For more than half a century the Kashmiris are oscillating between uncertainty and destitution. They continue to suffer misery and repression under illegal Indian occupation, and despite a stream of strong words and resolutions passed by the Security Council the Kashmir issue is still a bone o f contentionRead MoreSpeech on Kashmir Issue2152 Words   |  9 PagesJAMMU amp; KASHMIR DISPUTE Honourable Course Director, Respected Deputy Course Director and Dear Colleagues Assalam-o-Alaikum My topic of speech is Kashmir Issue. Today, There are many issues which are threats to World peace the The Kashmir dispute is the oldest, unresolved, international dispute in the world today. Pakistan considers Kashmir as its core political dispute with India. The exchange of fire between their forces across the Line of Control, which separates Azad Kashmir from OccupiedRead MoreKashmir Issue and Mediation Essay3467 Words   |  14 PagesKashmir Issue and Mediation The record of the international mediation (Third Party role), or meditative interventions in regard to the Kashmir dispute is clearly mixed: These interventions achieved both some successes and some failures. Among the successes were the cease-fire and truce agreements, arranged by UNCIP in 1948 and 1949.The cease-fire agreement did not hold for long, and peacekeeping operation that emerged from it failed in large measure to keep the peaceRead MoreIndia s Issue Of Kashmir1558 Words   |  7 Pagesthinks that Kashmir is not the issue for an international concern and India does not consider UN’s take on any political action over Kashmir. India’s apprehension of Kashmir is reasonable somehow because India has fought three times with Pakistan regarding Kashmir’s issue. On the contrary, resolution does not come through military action. According to India, if India is ready to establish Kashmir as a democratic province with all the privileges of an autonomous, there is no guarantee to Kashmir will beRead MoreThe Kashmir Issue Bedeviling India And Pakistan856 Words   |  4 Pagesmakes some truths universal? Also, how does this truth triangle apply to the Kashmir issue bedeviling India and Pakistan? For starters, Pakistan’s â€Å"truth† on Kashmir is absolutely majoritarian. The â€Å"Dushman Hindustan† (Nemesis India) narrative is the national gospel and any political rhetoric wrapped around the â€Å"Kashmir banega Pakistan† (Pakistan will conquer Kashmir) chant preaches to packed crowds. I have no issues with this overblown patriotism. It is imperative for an artificial nation stateRead MoreThe War in Kashmir a Religious Conflict? Essay1687 Words   |  7 Pages Kashmir is conflict territory after the partition of India and Pakistan. Conflict is not only between India and Pakistan but also India and the religious militants. Religious Militants are conducting a jihad to govern by the religious law. Historically, Kashmir included Sufis Muslim not orthodox Muslim. Numerous international events had influenced in the growth of Islamic fundamentalism in Kashmir. Jihad is not originally from Kashmir but they are foreign militancy bought duringRead More Pakistan Essay861 Words   |  4 Pagesremittance of profits/dividends and maintenance of foreign currency accounts (www.mofa.com). Now because of this, various cities in Pakistan have developed stock exchanges with major corporations in the U.S. Security in Pakistan has been a major issue since the origins of the country and its controversial creation. The overriding objective of Pakistans foreign policy is the safe guarding of its sovereignty, security and territorial integrity. This is underpinned by its firm adherence to immutableRead MoreThe Growth And Poverty Improvement Of A Country Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pagesno Bank branches, opening of no frills account. In 2006 another committee gave recommendations under the leadership of Dr. C. Rangarajan (popularly known as Rangarajan Committee - 2008) this commeitte was made by the Govt. of india to find out the issues of financial exclusion. The Committee recognised that the developments in the technology and increasingly sophisticated customer segmentation technology have led to limited access to financial services for several groups. This partition has increasedRead MoreThe Struggle Over Kashmir, By Mohandas Gandhi1096 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The name Kashmir has become synonymous with slaying, destruction and religious massacre in South Asia. Ever since the partition of India in 1947, when Britain dismantled its Indian empire, India and Pakistan have been archrivals. What makes this conflict interesting, conversely, is how much they hate one another. The hostility between these two has been rooted not only in religion and history, but is exemplified by the long-running battle over the control of Jammu and Kashmir. Which has recentlyRead MoreThe Kargil War : A Conflict Between India And Pakistan1536 Words   |  7 Pagesand Srinagar, and to interrupt NH-1A. All these were meant to set the stage for attacking the valley through military and terrorist actions with the main objective of executing their main agenda dubbed ‘Op Topac’ – which was to gain control over Kashmir valley. As discussed by Raghavan Shorey (2002), the Pakistani troops could not approach the valley directly by taking the routes through either Kupwara or Baramulla because of the presence of heavy snow and Indian troops. Therefore, the country’s

Euthanasia4 Essay Example For Students

Euthanasia4 Essay Euthanasia has become an issue of increasing attention because of Dr. Jack Kevorkians assisted suicides. Dr. Jack Kevorkian, an U.S. physician, has injected physician-assisted euthanasia sharply into the agenda of public issues widely discussed in the United States. His activities have brought with them several moral, ethical and legal concerns regarding this controversial topic. Who has the right to choose death, and under what circumstances? What responsibility does a physician have to sustain life when witnessing a patient suffering? What role should law play in this personal matter, and who should have the authority to control individual wishes regarding his or her own body? Euthanasia should be legalized so, if we ever have a loved one that is suffering and death is certain, that we have the choice to ease their pain. With the passing of this law that most people would be against the right-to-die, not so. In a poll cited in a 1998 issue of USA Today, eighty percent of Americans think sometimes there are circumstances when a patient should be allowed to die, compared to only fifteen percent think doctors and nurses should always do everything possible to save a persons life. It also showed that eight in ten adults approve of state laws that allow medical care for the terminally ill to be removed or withheld, if that is what the patient wishes, whereas only thirteen percent disapproved of the laws. Also seventy percent think th4e family should be allowed to make the decision about treatment on behalf of the patient, while another five percent think this is suitable only in some cases (Colasnto 62). Seventy percent think it is justified at least sometimes for a person to kill his or her spouse, if he or she is suffering terrible pain caused by a terminal illness. About half the public think a oral right to suicide exists if a person has an incurable disease or is suffering great pain with no hope of recovering (Colasnto 63). And about half of those with living parents think their mothers and fathers would want medical treatment stopped if they were suffering a great deal of pain in a terminal disease. Or if they became totally dependent on a family member, then forty percent of their parents would want medical treatment stopped if daily activities became a burden (Colasnto 63). Each viewpoint is supported by many reasons. Those who oppose euthanasia argue that the medical profession must always be on the side of preserving life (Schofield 24). Another reason is euthanasia will lead to the devaluation of life (Low 37). Also they think it will force doctors and family members to j udge the value of a patients life. Critics also say that acceptance will spread from the terminally ill to the less serious ill, the handicapped, or the mentally retarded (Russ 117). A person has the right to die with dignity. People should be allowed to control their own deaths. Why should a patient be forced to live if they think their present standard of life has degenerated to the point of meaningless, when doctors can no longer help, and perhaps the pain has become unbearable? At this point, they should have the choice to continue on or to peacefully die, even if they need assistance in doing so (Larue 153). The doctor should be allowed to decide if the patient has reached the point of only getting worse and in considerable pain. In any of these situations a doctor should be at least an advisor, they are the ones with the medical knowledge, and know the present condition of the patient and the alternatives. In any humane or humanistic view of what is good, it is morally wrong t o compel hopelessly suffering or irreversible debilitated patients to stay alive when death is freely elected (Larue 151). .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 , .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 .postImageUrl , .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 , .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6:hover , .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6:visited , .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6:active { border:0!important; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6:active , .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Electroplating EssayIn some cases, like terminal illness, death is often better than dyeing, mainly due to the way that the person will die. They may have to go thorough a long period of pain and suffering. Ask yourself which you would choose, early or prolonged death (Larue 153). Even if you do not think that you would end your life or anothers life should personal views decide that it is not the right thing for another to do. Does any person have the right to control the choices of others? Not all the should everything be done to preserve a life. The advances of technology have disturbed the natural balance of life and death. No longer does a person die when they are sup posed to; life-support now prevents that. Opponents say doctors should not play God by killing patients, but do they realize that by prolonging death the medical profession is doing exactly that? Christian Barnard, at the World Euthanasia Conference, was quoted as saying, I believe often that death is good medical treatment because it can achieve what all the medical advances and technology cant achieve today. And that is stop the suffering of the patient (Battin 21)A different version of the same argument is, doctors are not always responsible to do everything they can to save somebody. If a doctors duty is to ease the pain of his patients, then why should this exclude the possibility of letting them die? If a patient has a termianl illness and is in great pain and the patient thinks they would rather die now than continue living with the pain, the doctor should be allowed to help. What about a person who is in a vegetative state for a prolonged period of time with no hope of recov ery, should the doctor do everything? Howard Caplan gives an example of this;I have on my census a man in his early 40s, left an aphasic triplegic by a motorcycle accident when he was 19. For nearly a quarter of a century, while most of us were working, raising children, reading, and otherwise going about our lives, hes been vegetating. His biographical life ended with the crash. He can only articulate only make sounds to convey that hes hungry or wet. If he were to become acutely ill, I would prefer not to try saving him. Id want to let pneumonia end it for him (Battin 92). Opponents also claim that euthanasia is against God, therefore it is unethical. Yet passive euthanasia, or refraining from doing anything to keep the patient alive, has been in practice since four centuries before Christ; and in the centuries that followed neither the Christians nor the Jews significantly changed this basic idea. It was killing they were opposed to. Also in 1958 Pope Pius XII emphasized that we may allow the patient who is virtually already dead to pass away in peace (Rachels 43). How can anybody say mercy is against God? But God would want people to die in peace and without pain. If anything is against God, then it is trying to live longer than God had intended people to. The United States was founded because people wanted to be free. Americans have fought for freedom ever since. If euthanasia is made illegal, it will take away one of the founding freedoms, the freedom of choice, the freedom for a person to choose a death with dignity and free of pain and suffering for themselves and their families. As Seneca quoted in Bolander writes, A punishment to some, to some a gift, and to many a favor (Bolander 24). Bibliography:

Needle Stick Injury free essay sample

Method In 2003, a sharps awareness campaign began in San Martino Hospital in Genoa, Italy. In 2005, a safety catheter was introduced and healthcare workers were trained in its use. Data for all occupational accidents from 2003 to 2007 were collected and analysed. Results After introduction of the sharps awareness campaign and use of safety catheters, reported incidents of sharps injuries involving catheters fell from 19 in 2004 to two in 2007 and in neither of those two cases were needlestick prevention devices used. Overall, the rate of needlestick injuries was 24. 1 per 100,000 cases when conventional catheters were used and 0. 4 per 100,000 cases with safety catheters. Conclusion The sharps awareness campaign and newly adopted needlestick prevention device may have contributed to the prevention of percutaneous injuries caused by catheters. Until the onset of the campaign, the reported annual incidence of needlestick injuries was six. This increased to a peak of 19 reported injuries in 2004, which could be attributed to improved reporting effected by the campaign. We will write a custom essay sample on Needle Stick Injury or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Authors Dimitri Sossai, manager, Health Safety and Prevention Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, Genoa; Vincenzo Puro, manager, Department of Epidemiology, Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome; Luca Chiappatoli and Giulio Dagnino, biomedical engineers; Bernardo Odone, chemist; Annamaria Polimeri, biologist, Health Safety and Prevention Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, Genoa; Laila Ruzza, Paola Palombo and Marian Stella Fuscoe, registered nurses, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, Genoa; Paola Scognamiglio, epidemiologist, Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy. Email: dimitri. [emailprotected] it Keywords Needlestick injuries, risk prevention, safety needle system These keywords are based on subject headings from the British Nursing Index. All articles are subject to external double-blind peer review and checked for plagiarism using automated software. For author and research article guidelines visit the Nursing Standard home page at www. nursing-standard. co. uk. For related articles visit our online archive and search using the keywords. 42 march 24 :: vol 24 no 29 :: 2010 SHARPS INJURIES are one of the most common types of occupational accidents that healthcare workers experience (Elder and Paterson 2006). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2004) in the United States (US) has estimated that around 400,000 percutaneous injuries occur in the hospital setting each year. However, true injury rates are difficult to assess as underreporting is assumed to be as high as 70% (Lee et al 2005). There is a risk of disease transmission of blood-borne pathogens with a sharps injury, particularly if it is caused by a hollow-bore needle used to access veins or arteries (Trim 2004). Worldwide, 2. 5% of cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and 40% of cases of hepatitis B and hepatitis C among healthcare workers result from occupational exposure to infected blood (Wilburn 2004). The risk of infection following percutaneous exposure to infected blood is notable, with rates of 6-30% for hepatitis B, 0-7% for hepatitis C and 0. 3% for HIV (White 2008). In addition to the hazard of disease transmission, the fear of potential infection may pose a considerable burden on the psychological, emotional and social wellbeing of the injured healthcare worker (Lee et al 2005). More than 38% of all occupational accidents involving biological hazards in the NHS result from skin contact, while 24% are caused by accidental puncture with injection needles (Sossai 2006). The rates for hospitals are even more concerning. According to a study of the Italian National Society for Prevention and Protection in the Health Service (Associazione Italiana Responsabili Servizi Prevenzione e Protezione in Ambiente Sanitario), more than 50% of occupational accidents in hospitals are caused by accidental puncture with injection needles (Sossai 2006). Exposure prevention remains the primary strategy for reducing occupational contact with blood-borne pathogens (Huber and Terezhalmy 2007). Over the past 20 years, numerous preventive measures have been implemented including educating and training staff, changes in practice, hepatitis B vaccinations, awareness campaigns and needlestick injury policies. One particular NURSING STANDARD preventive strategy uses engineered needlestick prevention devices to protect hospital workers from accidental injuries. There are two types. Passive needlestick prevention devices have a safety feature that is activated automatically, while active needlestick prevention devices require the user to activate the safety mechanism (Trim 2004). The use of needlestick prevention devices and the documentation of all needlestick injuries by healthcare workers has been enforced by law since 2000. Similar regulation efforts are under way in Europe (Hadaway 2001, Wilburn 2004, Hoban 2005, White 2008). In Italy, and elsewhere in Europe, employers have a statutory obligation (Directive 2000/54/CE and 89/391/CEE) to prevent occupational risks and protect workers. In line with these requirements, San Martino Hospital in Genoa, Italy, one of the largest hospitals in Europe with more than 1,400 beds and more than 4,400 employees, launched a sharps awareness campaign in 2003. This campaign consisted of specific staff training, education and the gradual introduction of needlestick prevention devices (safety catheters) to replace conventional intravenous catheters. By March 2005, almost all conventional catheters had been replaced by needlestick prevention devices. Aim The aim of this study was to verify the effect of the sharps awareness campaign and the introduction of needlestick prevention devices on the rate of needlestick injuries in San Martino Hospital. Method The hospital chose the passively activated Introcan Safety IV Catheter system (B. Braun). This has a self-activating safety clip that automatically shields the needle’s sharp bevel during retraction of the needle after cannula insertion. With regard to design and handling, this safety catheter is identical to the conventional catheter (Trim 2004, Wilburn 2004). At San Martino Hospital, a sharps awareness campaign was launched in 2003. In 2005, safety devices were first introduced, initially in departments at increased risk of needlestick injuries or infection (infectious diseases, general surgery and organ transplant departments). By the end of 2005, they had been introduced in all hospital departments. Healthcare workers in approximately 90 departments including outpatient clinics, operating theatres, intensive care units, day hospitals and surgery, received training in using the device. Training sessions were carried out by manufacturers of the safety catheter and by members of the hospital’s NURSING STANDARD department of health safety and prevention. Between 2005 and 2007 this practical training was supplemented by courses on the biological risk of needlestick injuries aimed at all long-term employed healthcare staff. In addition, a compulsory training course on the need for prevention and safety precautions related to needlestick injuries, and the correct practical application of safety devices for all new employees, began and was carried out monthly. During this period, 596 of 3,392 (18%) long-term employed physicians, nurses and technicians and 882 (100%) new employees received safety training. In San Martino Hospital, a specific protocol needs to be followed when an accident entailing biological risk occurs. The affected employee has to report the accident to the department of preventive and occupational medicine where health monitoring and infectious prophylaxis are initiated, if required, in collaboration with the Institute for Hygiene and Preventive Medicine. Subsequently, the injured person is required to register the accident at the hospital’s human resources department where detailed information on the injury and the injured person are recorded on a standardised incident report form and in an incident reporting file. Reports of the accident are forwarded to the National Institute for Insurance gainst Accidents at Work (Istituto Nazionale per Assicurazione Infortuni sul Lavoro) and the Hygiene Institute of Genoa University. The incident reporting file is the hospital’s internal administrative database for all occupational accidents and is used for statistical purposes. It provides the data for an annual injury monitoring report. The file began in 1994 and holds detaile d documentation of all occupational injuries occurring at San Martino Hospital. Documented details include the time, location and accurate descriptions of an accident, and the profession, department, ward or operating unit of the injured employee involved. The type of device responsible for sharps injuries and the use of any safety measures during the incident are also documented. In this study, occupational injury data collected between 2003 and 2007 were obtained from the incident reporting file and analysed retrospectively. Data of interest included all occupational incidents and all percutaneous injuries caused by catheter needles and sharps. In particular, needlestick injuries caused by catheters were investigated. For all needlestick injuries from catheters, the occupation of the affected staff member was examined. The total number of catheters used each year was the denominator. All hospital employees were included in the study. The human resources department supplied data on the number and march 24 :: vol 24 no 29 :: 2010 43 art science research type of staff in the hospital. Formal ethical approval was not required because the population used was recruited from the database of the occupational injuries register of the human resources department. The data used were taken from official declarations and total anonymity was guaranteed. conventional device is more than 25 times higher than the risk associated with the use of the safety device. Discussion The implementation of a sharps awareness campaign and the introduction of needlestick prevention devices at San Martino Hospital resulted in a significant reported decrease in needlestick injuries. Conventional catheters appear to carry a significantly higher risk of injuries than safety catheters (Table 1). This suggests that the needlestick p revention devices contributed to the prevention of percutaneous incidents. A potential problem of this type of surveillance results from factors that could influence healthcare staff to report injuries, especially those with a low risk of infection. In this study, reporting rates are unknown and these could have influenced the findings. Injury reporting was encouraged during training, so an increasing rate of underreporting appears unlikely. Similar results have been observed with other safety needle devices (Asai et al 2002, Trim 2004, Adams and Elliott 2006, Tuma and Sepkowitz 2006). These results are consistent with estimates in which the use of engineered safety devices accounts for definite prevention in 21% and probable prevention in 61% of needlestick injuries (Elder and Paterson 2006). However, the results of the current study are limited by the short observation period and initial findings need to be confirmed by a follow-up study. Three and two incidents occurred with catheters in 2006 and 2007 respectively. Only one of these incidents occurred with a safety catheter. The catheter’s safety mechanism was not activated because of an unexpected movement by the patient before insertion of the cannula. Risk for the healthcare worker was estimated at almost zero, as the needle had not come into contact with the patient’s blood. In the other four incidents, conventional devices were used that did not have a safety Results The overall number of employees at San Martino Hospital fluctuated annually between 4,447 and 4,636 individuals from 2003 to 2007. The number of occupational accidents documented decreased from 537 to 405 in the same period. During the study, the number of injuries with needles and sharps entailing biological risk reported annually reduced from 163 to 86. These accounted for approximately one quarter to one third of all occupational incidents. After launching the sharps awareness campaign in 2003, the number of injuries caused by catheters increased initially (n=10 in 2003 and n=19 in 2004), possibly because the sharps awareness campaign aimed to reduce underreporting. From 2005 to 2007 the total number of reported injuries decreased (n=10 in 2005, n=3 in 2006, and n=2 in 2007). During the study period, nurses were affected more often by needlestick injuries than physicians. The overall annual number of needlestick prevention devices used by the hospital after their introduction in 2005 (n=130,000) increased to 165,000 in 2006 and decreased to 163,000 in 2007 (Tables 1 and 2). The average number of annual injuries per 100,000 phlebotomies performed were calculated (estimated by needles used per year). The relative risks were calculated as the ratio of the injury rates for the conventional catheters and for the safety catheters. The results highlight a lower rate of annual needlestick injuries until the start of the sharps awareness campaign and an escalation of reported incidents after its launch. This phenomenon might have resulted from underreporting, confirmed by the low incident rate of reported needlestick injuries before the onset of the campaign. Underreporting of needlestick injuries is a common and serious problem. It is even observed after needlestick injuries with high-risk patients and occurs with all types of healthcare worker (Wilburn 2004, Hoban 2005, Makary et al 2007). True injury rates may be ten times higher than those reported (Elder and Paterson 2006). The increase in incidents in 2003 suggests that educational measures and training might have sensitised healthcare staff to the seriousness of the problem and increased their readiness to report needlestick injuries for their own safety. Only timely reported needlestick injuries allow for immediate preventive measures and effective post-exposure treatment (Lee et al 2005). Even after 2003, it may still be possible that not all needlestick injuries were reported. Although all new employees received training after 2005, accounting for approximately 25% of the hospital’s healthcare staff until 2007, before then only 18% of employees of long standing participated in safety education measures. Thus, the majority of employees lack theoretical education in sharps safety and may be more prone NURSING STANDARD to misjudge the risk of needlestick injuries and consequently fail to report incidents. It might also be possible that some long-term staff increased their risk awareness after observing colleagues. It is to be expected that the awareness of possible injury outcome and reporting will improve further as the sharps safety awareness campaign continues as a result of cumulative training of hospital staff (Makary et al 2007). Despite introducing continuous on-the-job training with all employees, a certain degree of underreporting is still likely to occur because, contrary to better knowledge, some employees will avoid the time-consuming effort associated with administrative and medical procedures involved in needlestick injury reporting (Lee et al 2005, Makary et al 2007).

Poems Copmarison

Poems Copmarison Analysis of Do not go gentle into that good night The main theme in the poem Do not go gentle into that good night by Dylan Thomas, is an argument to fight against the encroaching arms of death. While the word fight is never actually utilized despite its similarity to the meter of the poem, words such as rage, burn and rave are all utilized in such a way that it portrays a fight against death itself.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Poems Copmarison specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to better understanding the overall context of the poem, it is important to examine the last stanza which states and you, my father, there on the sad height, Curse, bless me now with your fierce tears, I pray, Do not go gentle into that good night (Thomas, 1). From this, the entire context of the poem becomes clear wherein it appears that the author wrote the poem as an appeal to his father who is near the death in that he wanted h is father to continue to live and to fight. The author phrases his arguments to fight by mentioning various types of praiseworthy behavior by wise mean, good men, grave men and wild men (Thomas, 1). This is one of the symbolisms of the poem wherein the author attempts to parallel the traits of such individuals and attributes them to his father in order to convince him to live on. This is seen in the use of the phrase Do not go gentle into that good night and Rage, rage against the dying of the light after each description of each type of man as if to imply that men of such character and distinction would not allow themselves to die so easily (Thomas, 1). This is a particularly interesting motif that the author is using since it shows that he is not ready to let his father go just yet. This may be due to unresolved issues, the love of a son for his father or an assortment of other factors that are not evident within the poem itself. Other interesting symbols utilized throughout the p oem are references to day and night as well as lightning and meteors. This is particularly interesting to take a note of since such methods of symbolism imply that the author acknowledges that all life must end yet before it does it must do so in a spectacular fashion. For example, a day does not transit into night without a bright sunset; lightning is a brief yet brilliant flash of light while a meteor is a blazing trail of fire that lights of the night sky. This seems to imply that the author wants to have one last talk with this father, that he wants him to go out blazing like the sun, like a meteor or like lightning.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The poem seemingly emphasizes that his father should go down blazing and fighting and not apparently bed stricken as derived from the phrase there on the sad height which seemingly implies being placed on a hospita l bed (Thomas, 1). Overall, the poem is an excellent piece of literature that portrays a sons love for this father and how he wanted to have more time with him. Analysis of Let Evening Come When reading the poem Let Evening Come by Jane Kenyon, at first glance, it seems to be a poem emphasizing her desire for night to come however after several readings it becomes apparent that the term evening is symbolic of the coming of death. This interpretation becomes apparent after examining the line let the cricket take up chafing as a woman takes up her needles and her yarn due to the fact that a woman taking up yarn is symbolic of a person entering old age and taking up knitting as a hobby (Kenyon, 1). Not only that, the term â€Å"crickets take up chafing† can also be interpreted as the time in which crickets stop making noises with their legs which either happens at night or when they are dead (Kenyon, 1). Throughout the poem, it becomes apparent that the author is not afraid of d eath and the reason for this is based on the last stanza which states God does not leave us comfortless (Kenyon, 1). When taking this particular phrase and combining it with references to a bottle in a ditch, a scoop of oats or air in the lung, these seemingly inconsequential aspects can actually be combined and interpreted as being symbolic of Gods all encompassing love (Kenyon, 1). In that, there is no person that God does not love and as such even if death should come we should not be afraid for God is with us. This I believe is the main theme of the poem and the message that the author is trying to impart to readers. It must also be noted that unlike other poems which speak of the coming of death this poem does not have the same haunting feel of regret or dismay rather when reading it what becomes apparent is a feeling of acceptance of the coming of death that the author imparts in each stanza and phrase and as such shows how her belief in the love of God keeps the fear of death away. Analysis of the Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock When examining this particular work by T.S. Elliot, one cannot help but think that the author wrote it while he was drunk or not in his right state of mind. It is riddled with random musings, thoughts and ideas that apparently turn and tumble upon each other until they seemingly coalesce into a stanza that barely makes logical sense. It is hard to determine whether the author is being literal in some aspects or symbolic in others with thoughts and ideas seemingly implying one thing in one interpretation yet meaning another in yet another interpretation. What is evident though is that the voice of the poem, J. Alfred Prufrock, is apparently trying to tell a woman that he has a distinct romantic interest in her yet it is hard to determine whether he is talking to her already or to himself and reveling in his own imaginary world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Poems Copmarison specifically for you for o nly $16.05 $11/page Learn More One line in the poem the taking of toast and tea and the stanza it is in seemingly implies that the character of Prufrock is on his way to tea and is going to talk to the woman so to speak informing her of his interest (Eliot, 1). Taking this particular method of interpretation into consideration, it can be assumed that the jumbled and at times chaotic method of writing throughout the poem may in fact be the authors way of imitating the jumble of thoughts and words that goes through a mans head as he is about to tell the woman he likes that he likes her. If this is so, then the author has fully captured the chaos that would normally be in a mans mind and as such the lucidity and sheer randomness of the way in which ideas are formed and stated starts to make sense. In fact, it might just be that the inspiration for this particular poem is derived from the authors own experiences in telling the woman he loves that he likes her. Analysis o f Disillusionment of Ten O’clock The poem Disillusionment of Ten O’clock by Wallace Stevens is actually full of various metaphors and symbolic interpretations that speak volumes more than what is apparent in the poem. The main message that the author is trying to convey in the poem is that many people live hollowed out lives that lack color and make them seem like the walking dead. For example, the phrase the houses are haunted by white night-gowns, none are green, or purple with green rings, or green with yellow rings, or yellow with blue rings is meant to symbolize the fact that the people who live within the house are like the walking dead cold, lifeless and utter devoid of life (Stevens, 1). This comparison is further emphasized by the statement that says that the white night gowns are totally devoid of color. In this case, the color white symbolizes the bleak empty existences that such people live while the colors (green, blue, or purple) represent what is missing in their life such as joy, happiness and adventure. The author does end on a hopeful note in the end though when he mentions the sailor who dreams of baboons, periwinkles and catching tigers in red weather (Stevens, 1). This is emphasize that not all individuals in world today are bleak, empty and devoid of imagination but rather there still exists hope for those with imagination and a sense of adventure.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analysis of Design In the poem Design by Robert Frost, readers are treated to the musings of the author regarding the grand design of all things and an implied question as to whether or not a grand entity shapes our destiny or if we ourselves shape our future. This evident by the first lines of the poem found a dimpled spider, fat and white, on a white heal-all, holding up a moth, like a white piece of rigid satin cloth (Frost, 1). From this, it can be seen that the author has created a scene where there is a white spider, on a white flower holding a white moth and spends the rest of the poem inquiring whether even in something so small there is a grand design that placed the spider in the right position to catch the right kind of prey. From this, Frost implies that all of us may be part of some greater design with coincidences appearing that may not be coincidences at all but rather are part of a plan for our lives. In this, Frost questions whether we have any free will at all and in fact are nothing more than moving parts in some great machine, being moved at the whim of some all powerful entity. Eliot, Thomas. The Love song of J. Alfred Prufrock. Bartleby. N.p., 1920. Web. Frost, Robert. Design. Poem Hunter. N.p., 2003. Web. Kenyon, Jane. Let evening come. American Poems. N.p., 2005. Web. Stevens, Wallace. Disillusionment of Ten O’clock. Poem Hunter. N.p., 2003. Web. Thomas, Dylan. Do not go gentle into that good night. Poets.org. New Directions, N.I.. Web.

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Mod 2 Case Assignment Essay

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Mod 2 Case Assignment - Essay Example The military is an elite organism made up of those who are more able than many. However, it is also unusual in the fact that its income or funding is determined by the governments budget. This is a challenge. They can be the greatest in the world but unlike many organizations, they do not earn more for being great, they must fit that greatness inside the budget given. They deal with this by basing many of their functions on economic laws. Those laws are applied to almost everything they do (Fedorov., 2001). It is a little strange to think of the military as an economic machine but it certainly is. The military is a very close knit organism. They have a very organized way of managing to make each piece of the organism happen. Each one knows their job extremely well is very organized in his interaction with the other parts of the organism. Each cell does not think out of the box because they do not want them to think out of the box but follow the ritual exactly as it is written as it may save the life of one of the other cells later. . Like the military, the orchestra is a system made up of many subsystems and like the military those subsystems are very responsible for carrying out their individual and distinct duties. The orchestra functions very much the same as the military in its demand for each and every person to know their job really well for the good of the whole organization. If the viola cannot play the music they are supposed to play tonight, he can endanger the whole program. Just like the military organism they work in harmony. When the organization is a productive system which is the fact with both the military system and the orchestra, the open systems approach to analyzing their system is effective. In looking at a systems analysis which is shown above, the organizations environment and the relationship between it and the system are analyzed. The four major subsystems that are apparent are the economic system which we have discussed in the

Nike and Labour Laws - The Seattle University Should Eliminate Its Con Essay

Nike and Labour Laws - The Seattle University Should Eliminate Its Contract to Supply SU-Logoed Apparel - Essay Example As the development of most of the products sold in the school took place in the bdevelop0ing countries, it is apparent that the company considered this move in order to cut expenses involved in the manufacturing process. Currently, most companies set up manufacturing plants in the developing countries in order to take advantage of cheap labour. Amid the increasing population growth, most people in the developing countries are jobless. Even those that have jobs are inadequate to sustain their lives. As such, foreign multinationals, in an effort to increase their levels of profits take the advantage of this situation in these countries. Further, most of these countries have weak labour laws. Because their governments are desperate to attract investors into the countries in order to help in job creation, they develop labour laws that encourage external investors to set up plants in the countries. The result of this is an increase in the level of poverty for these workers. With weak laws and governance structures, the multinationals show no concern in providing good incentives to the people. Rather, workers struggle in poor working conditions, with poor working contracts and low salaries. In other instances, they work for long hours and rarely receive any leaves. Nike, taking advantage of this situation also established its operations in these countries in an effort to increase its profitability. According to Dunn (2010), n its current position, Nike does not observe fair labour practices, especially for the plants in the developing countries. Subsequently, it became a reason for scrutiny for its labour practices. The company in most cases does not train its employees for the kind of work they handle. According to Butler (2010), Nike’s inhuman conditions are a source of suffering and increased diseases for most of its workers. Treating the working conditions of its workers shows the company’s negligence in protecting humanity, argues Butler (2010). However, its abuse of child labour is the main reason why the company has faced numerous accusations on its lack of labour ethics.     

Century World Affairs Essay Example for Free

Century World Affairs Essay The Caribbean Island of Cuba became a republic after its liberation from Spain at the hands of the USA. American presence, both in military, financial and diplomatic terms however continued as a means of providing stability and solvency to the island nation. The Cuban President’s were incompetent and unpopular with the general populace, thus, producing revolt. From 1925 onwards, although technically still a democratic republic, the country became an elite dictatorship with an army officer named Fulgencio Batista, having seized control of the Cuban army, pulling the strings from behind the curtains. The government remained corrupt and incompetent with a rising sense of resentment amongst the general population on their state of affairs. Following 1940, he was the official President of the country until his departure from office in 1944. In 1952, he seized power again and ruled by decree until 1955 when he was elected President in an election with only himself as the candidate. To mark his victory, the new President issued an amnesty for political prisoners and opponents. One of the prisoners was Fidel Castro, who had been jailed for his involvement in the 26th of July incident in 1953, whereby he had led a column of men to ambush the Cuban military installations at the Moncada Barracks. Castro wasted no time in resuming his revolutionary activities and in 1956, accompanied by Argentine Ernesto â€Å"Che’ Guevara, launched an invasion of Cuba, setting sail with his followers from the coast of Mexico. Initially, the rebels were crushed by Batista’s forces but the well organized defense of the guerilla headquarters in the Sierra Maestra Mountains sent the wrong signals to Batista’s forces. Fledging support for the rebels also made matters worse with constant guerilla attacks against Cuban army installations and personnel leading to a fall in moral within the Cuban military ranks. With a demoralized army, Batista panicked as the prospect of a full fledged civil war became imminent and fled the country, allowing Castro to march easily into Havana and form government. America was deeply aligned with Batista’s government all along the way as American businesses had deep rooted interests in the island nation. There is evidence that Castro’s invasion of Cuba in 1956 could have been funded by the CIA, although these claims remain unsubstantiated. However, given the fact that Batista’s increasingly authoritarian actions were a cause of much embarrassment for democratic Washington, it could be believed that there might have been funding with an attempt to â€Å"tame† Batista and soften his dictatorial style. Major American involvement came in 1961, when Cuban exiles trained by the American CIA launched an invasion of Cuba to topple Castro’s government but were defeated at the hands of the Castro’s army within three days. This event came to be known as â€Å"the bay of pigs invasion†. The revolution survives till today having succeeded in the provision of idealistic social development targets, although the economy remains small and largely dependent on sugar cane exports. BOLIVIA After centuries of Spanish colonial rule, Bolivia gained independence and became an autonomous republic in 1825, having had to fight a bloody war with colonial Spain. While great leaps were made in socio economic development, the indigenous population remained poor and following the Chaco War (1932-1935) where the country suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of Paraguay, resentment against the traditional ruling class grew further as the loss of life and territory was humungous. Following the Chaco war, The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR) was created. It represented the middle-class and had a Marxist approach modified for a nationalist and socialist agenda. The party was part of the military civilian regime of Gualberto Villarroel from 1943 to 1946 but was soon expelled from the country by opponent forces. The MNR then staged a brief and bloody civil war in 1949 against the Bolivian government but failed to make any breakthrough. It was in the elections of 1951, that the MNR finally hit jack pot. Having won the elections, it was denied the right to Presidency by the Opposition parties who claimed that the elections were rigged. Following months of protests, agitation and civil unrest, not to mention the various attempts by the MNR leadership to stage a coup, events took a new turn when MNR revolutionaries together with the La Paz police force took control of La Paz, the de facto capital of the country. What followed was a bloody, half hearted battle on the side of the Bolivian army. Mass deflections and poor moral gave the MNR a victory and a chance to form government. During its 12 years in power, the MNR was responsible for bringing universal adult suffrage to Bolivia, put land reforms into practice and promot rural education. The largest tin mines were nationalized in 1952. However, the most remarkable feat of the revolution was the fact that it incorporated the indigeneos population into the normal way of life. US policy remained largely neutral in Bolivia’s case. The US had war in the Korean Penensuila to deal with at that time. However, the overthrow of the MNR by the Bolivian army in 1964 is sometimes refered to as a CIA backed initiative, suggesting that American policy was largely anti MNR, even if neutral from the outset. CHILE Chile gained independence from colonial Spain in 1810, when it was established as an autonomus republic. It was in 1970 that Chile made history of sorts when it elected by a narrow margin a Marxist government under President Salvador Allende. Whereas all previous communist governments in the world had emerged from chaos and upheavel, the population of Chile legally elected their communist government. The government, however, comprised various left wing groups and Allende suffered from his inability to bring stakeholder conflict resolution. Allende’s problems intensified as he went along. His nationalization of major industries scared away private investment and created dissent amonsgt portions of the population. His problems were further aggravated by capitalist plots and US hostility, esp by the CIA. Allende still took matters at the forefront and continued reforms to the economy and the social sector, demanding international aid and recognition to help him implement his plan for the social and economic development of Chile along socialist lines. While he had many supporters, his opposition was also plenty. While Allende struggled to keep the pieces together in the face of internal coalition bickering, resent amongst portions of the population and US hostility, the opposition and the army merely hoped that Allende would lose the 1973 election and allow for a more centrist President to take power. However, this was not to be as Allende’s government survived the 1973 election, with millions amongst the population voting for Allende a second time. Following a constitutional crisis and widespread economic woes and allegations that Allende would soon turn the country towards dictatorship, the military intervened and overthrew his government on September 11, 1973. As a woman Revolutionary As a woman revolutionary in the Cuban revolution, one of the things I would have done differently would have been to secure closer ties with America for economic reasons, instead of becoming a tool in the cold war. Closer relations with America would not imply a compromise on Marxist principles. It would rather imply an act of logical sense as America is geograpgically close to Cuba and its products are in high demand there. Closer ties with the USSR and the East European Communist bloc make less sense as these countries were geographically distant. In a way, closer economic ties with the USSR have a higher opportunity cost. Appeal of Marxist thought in Latin America Marxist thought has had a profound effect on Latin American politics. As early as the 1920’s, Marxist movements were springing up in various countries. The reasons are simple. Rising poverty, deplorable conditions of the indigenous Indian population at the hands of the ruling class (of Spanish descent), economic and social backwardness and corrupt and/or incompetent governments forced people to seek alternative ways at addressing the issues at hand. It was these conditions that fueled Marxist thought in Latin America. For many countries, the concept of equality appealed further then ever as they saw the present system merely as an extension of the colonial system, with the capitalist mindset at play. Equality of income, rights and stature in society was a totally new concept and presented a welcome change from capitalist individualism. Lack of freedom under strict military governments and persecution at the hands of intelligence agencies as a result of political motivations made matters worse. Furthermore, Marxist ideology to seize the opportunity and to fight for ones right further fueled anger amongst an already resentful population. Revolution provided an opportunity for the hard pressed populace to vent their anger at incompetent governments. Another important factor at play was hostility to the USA. The USA was seen as a powerhouse of capitalism and US business interests in Latin America were no secret to the local population. The USA had done little to support the population against their incompetent leaders and the perception of the USA was thus that of a Capitalist agent bent on world dominance. The success of Marxism in the USSR esp. it’s powerful transition from a petty backward country to a world economic and military super power standing eye to eye with the USA provided much food for thought. With the exception of Cuba, communism never really found its deep roots in any country in Latin America. True the Allende Presidency in Chile, the MNR regime of Bolivia from 1952-1964 and the present day regime of Hugo Chavez in Venezuela are near examples, it is worth mentioning that these have been mere off shoots of Marxist theory, aiming to bring changes to the original theory and apply them in a more local context. Thus, generally, Marxist thought has provoked a more centre left approach amongst the population of Latin America. It is also worth mentioning that the impact of Marxist thought on Latin America has been so profound that many of the leading figures that the theory is synonymous with are derived from this region. Fidel Castro became a symbol of defiance for the Capitalist West. Allende is renowned for his foray into democracy through democratic elections, bring communism to a country through peaceful means Similarly, Che Guevara is today not only a symbol of communist ideals of using force to attain their goals but is also recognized as the undisputed founder of modern Guerrilla warfare, a tactic, still utilized by communists and non communists alike to this day in their fight against imperialism, capitalism and injustice. Works Cited Watson, Jack. Success in 20th Century World Affairs. London: John Murray, 1991. Adam Hart -Davis. World History – A visual guide. London: Longman , 2007. Smith, Alison. Mastering 20th Century World Affairs. London: Longman, 1991. Selected Readings from The History Channel Website www. Historychannel. com

No Steroids In Baseball :: Steroids Athletes Drugs Sports Essays Papers

In baseball there has always been a steroid issue. In the years since 2005 the problem has expanded. Many more players are now using these drugs to boost their performance. I think that steroids are products that should be absolutely illegal and no player at any time should be able to use them. Steroids are drugs commonly classified as anabolic, androgenic and corticosteroids. Corticosteroids like cortisone are drugs used to control inflammation, and do not build muscle. Anabolic steroids are used by athletes to bulk up and improve their performance. Anabolic steroids are synthetic hormones that cause the body to produce muscle and prevent muscle breakdown. Some athletes take steroids hoping that it will improve their ability to run faster, hit farther, jump higher, etc. Some people are not aware that anabolic steroids are a form of a drug. In the United States, it is against the law to use these steroids without a prescription. In many sports the issue of steroids has always been huge. Recently, mainly in baseball many players have been tested for steroids, and many are results are positive. These punishments have been mere warnings and suspensions to the players. The first player to ever admit to using any type of anabolic steroid was Ken Caminiti, he admitted to using steroids after he retired in his 14th season. He said that in his 9th season in the majors was when he was first influenced to take performance-enhancing drugs. He was a 3 time All-Star, won the MVP award in ‘96, got 3 gold gloves and 1 silver slugger award. After he retired in 2001 he finally admitted to using steroids. About three years later on October 10th 2004 Caminiti died due to a drug problem because of the use of steroids and cocaine. Caminiti had said that he made tons of mistakes. One being an alcoholic and the other using cocaine, But he did not say using steroids was a mistake. After Caminiti’s death many major league players were highly influenced, and stopped using steroids. But there are 30 major leagues teams and each team has 25 players on the active roster, 40 on the regular roster. So if you multiply 30 by 25 then you get 750 baseball players just on the active roster. So even if Caminiti scared a bunch of players there is a bunch of people who still use steroids. Some of the most recent players that have been convicted are giants slugger Barry Bonds, and New York Yankees 1st baseman Jason Giambi.

Negative Effects on Children Essay

Parents are too busy earning a living so that they can feed, cloth and educate their children. Consequently, they spend much time away from home and from their children. Since their parents are not around, the children have no choice but to spend their time in front of the television. It then goes without saying that children spend a lot of time in front of the television set where they are exposed to sex and violence. The question then is; does the exposure to sex and violence have negative effects on children? There is no simple or obvious answer. Some people may argue that the sex and violence on television does not have negative effects on children. This group of people believe that that the amount of sex and violence on television is not enough to warrant the change in the behavior of the children. More over, that some children are too young to understand the scenes on television, anyway. Others yet may argue that exposure to sex and violence, however limited it may be, does have negative effects on the children. It influences them to commit antisocial and sometimes immoral behavior. Nevertheless, it is important to analyze the issue critically before settling for any one conclusion. SUMMARY OF INFORMATION The media has both positive and negative influences on children. On the one hand, it provides their growing minds with information. On the other hand, it also provides them with negative information in the form of sexual and violent content that corrupts their young minds (Singer & Singer, 2002). According to Josephson, when children watch television, they understand the content in very different ways. How they understand the television content is highly influenced by their ages, their attention spans and also their life experiences (1995). Case in point. Think about children who are less than five years old and the kind of attention span they have. Yes they may take the time to sit in front of the television, but after a few minutes they will have gotten restless and moved on to some other activity, say playing with their toys or just running around. More over, even though these children may appear to be paying close attention to the scenes on television, it is very likely that in their minds, they may fail to register what the exact content of program is. It is only the mature, much older, children and adults who are capable of discerning program content. According to Cameron, this is because most children under that age of seven cannot easily tell fantasy and reality from each other. To them it’s all one and the same thing. At this stage of their development, it is hard for the children to understand the motives and justifications for the violence on television (2009). Children are unaware of whether the characters on television are real or not. Consequently, Bugs Bunny is just as real as the news anchor. Therefore, since the child does not know what is real and what is not, it is then possible then possible that they will also not be able to distinguish whether or not to copy what they see. It is for this reason that it would be incorrect to conclude with certainty that indeed all the sex and violence on television does have negative effects on children. It is only after the age of two that children begin to really pay attention on what is on television. As the children grow older, they learn to differentiate between what they see on television and reality. By the time these children grow into teenagers and adulthoods they shift their focus from television preferring to instead spend their time on other activities such as developing relationships with their peers of the opposite sex. Nevertheless, it is during adolescent that sex and violence on television may have a greater impact on the children. Those without guidance may try out what they see on television. Thus, it is important to note that it is the amount of time that a child spends in front of the television that really matters. According to Huesmann, children who consistently watch violent programs on television are more likely to be negatively affected than their counterparts who do not. Think about it. A child who frequently watches Monday night wrestling, which by all standards may be described as a violent program, is more likely to try wrestling with his friends. What is even more interesting is that the child may also attempt using the same wrestling behaviors, as seen on television, as a way of solving conflicts with others (2001). Thus, children who watch/are exposed to violence on television are more aggressive (Jonassen & Harris, 2003). According to Greenspan, in the process, these children are bound to injure not only themselves but others in the process (2007). Concurrently, children who habitually watched television programs raced with sexual content were much more likely to be involved than their counterparts who were not. According to Stein, frequent watching of sexual content on television was a big influence in teen pregnancy (2008). It is probable that the children may want to try out what they may have watched and the consequences in this case are teenage pregnancy. Nathanson & Cantor (1998), argue that at some point in time children will be exposed to television; it is unavoidable. It may not happen in their homes. Children may go visiting their friends where they may have to watch television meaning they may be exposed to sex and violence. It is therefore up to parents to protect their children from prolonged exposure to sex and violence on television. The simplest way of doing this is by restricting the number of hours that children actually spend in front of the television. Rather than letting children watch television after school, parents may choose to enroll their children in such after school activities such as soccer practice or ballet. Such activities are sure to keep children away from exposure to negative TV programs. Even when children are left under the care of a nanny, parents should leave strict instructions on just how much time their children should be allowed to watch television. It would also be important if the parents themselves were to change their television watching habits. In most instances, toddlers are heavily influenced by their parents (Josephson, 1995). Therefore, if the parents were to stay away from the television but instead partake in other activities, their children would follow suit. This way the parent’s would not have to worry about the television negatively affecting their children. Another way that parents may protect their children is by letting children watch television programs that have PG rating. The idea behind this concept is that parents should watch a television program first before they let their children. The main idea here is for the parents to determine the suitability of the program. PG also means that parents should watch the program with their children so that they may offset any negative effects. By all standards, PG rating is good and workable idea. However, according to Cameron, very few parents may want to do this (2009). SUMMARY OF THE RESEARCH STUDY Most of the research that has been carried out has focused on the effects of television violence on children. However, according to Eyal & Kunkel, there has also been research whose aim was to show the association between the watching of sex on television and pregnancy among teenagers. The argument is that there is a relationship between the exposure of children and young adults and their expectations about sex and also their engagement in premarital sex (2008). One such study was published in 2008 in the Journal of American Academy of Pediatrics. According to Chandra, Martino, Collins, Elliot, Berry, Kanouse & Mlu, while there was increasing evidence (from previous studies and research) that the exposure of children/youth to sexual content on television is a big influence on their sexual attitudes and behavior, the studies were yet to establish the king of association that existed between the exposure of children to sexual content and adolescent/teen pregnancy. Accordingly, the study by Chandra et al, sought to establish this relationship (2008). The participants were some 2000 children between the ages of 12 and 17 years. These children were tracked for period of three years; till they were aged 15 and 20 years. The participants by interviewed by telephone. According to Chandra et al, the participants who constituted the sample were drawn from a list of house holds that had been commercially purchased. the researchers were careful to select the households that had a high probability of housing adolescents aged between the ages of 12 and 17 years. The final study sample therefore comprised of 57% males, 665 white, 12% Hispanics and 17% blacks all of them adolescents with an average age 18. 1 years. Survey, was the chosen research design. The survey was meant to measure and collect data on the television viewing habits of the adolescents, their knowledge of sexual matters, In addition, their behaviors and attitudes towards sex plus demographic and psychosocial variable, such as age, sex and education level which are known to predict sexual behavior, were also measured (2008). As a way of encouraging the participants to respond to the survey questions, the survey was conducted in private. From the survey, it was established that to a great extent the exposure of children/teens to sexual content on television was a big predictor of teen pregnancy. From the research, the teens that were exposed to high levels of sexual content on television were found to be twice as likely to experience pregnancy in the subsequent three years. The reverse was true for those who had lower levels of exposure. So, 25% of those who watched frequently watched sexual content on television were involved in a pregnancy. The number was high compared to that of the adolescents who watched the least; which stood at 12% (Chandra et al, 2008). The results of the study go to show that indeed habitual exposure to sexual content on television does have negative effects on children. From the study, most of the children who frequently watched sexual content on television were subsequently involved in a pregnancy compared to their counterparts who did not watch sexual content on the television much. Accordingly, there is a link between the exposure of children to sex and sexual content on television and the negative effects of pregnancy. Thus, it is clearly evident that sex, and even violence, on television has negative effects on children, more so when the exposure is frequent, prolonged and unsupervised. It is for this reason that the exposure of children and violence on television should be restricted. For instance, by watching television with their children and discussions the depictions of sex on television, they may be able to tone down the influence of the sex and the violence (Chandra et al, 2008). CRITICAL ANALYSIS Most of the information contained in internet sites, into the question of whether all the sex and violence on television has negative effects on children, does indeed provide information to the affirmative. Children spend a lot of time in front of the television from an early age. When children are young, say between the ages of two and five, the sex and the violence cannot be said to have influence on them. This is because children are very young and are not able to tell fantasy from reality. More over, they have a limited attention span which makes their concentration and internalization of the content on television impossible. However, it is when children are all grown up, into their teens that the sex and violence can be said to have some kind of effect on children. When children are older, they are also more mature and therefore able to differentiate fantasy from fiction. Furthermore, the fact that they are older means they may try out what they watch on television. There is strong evidence behind this information. For instance, it has been reported that children who watch wrestling duplicate the same aggressive behaviors that they watch on television. They are openly aggressive towards their peers. Sometimes, they even use the same behaviors to solve their conflicts with their peers. However, the internet information goes on to explain that children have to be exposed to prolonged sex and violence on television for there to be negative effects. More over, that the children who are frequently exposed to the sex and violence on television are more susceptible to the negative effects. It is for this reason that parents restrict how much time their children spend in front of the televisions. The research study also goes to provide information on the link between frequent exposure of children to sexual content in television and negative effects, in this case pregnancy. There is strong evident in support of this. Of the 2000 children who were surveyed in the research, 25% of those who had frequent exposure to sexual content were found to be more likely to be involved in a pregnancy in subsequent years. This was as compared to 12% of those who were not as frequently exposed to sex and sexual content on television. Just like the information compared in the internet sources, as soon as children are old enough to differentiate between fantasy and reality it is very likely that with prolonged exposure, they may want to try out what they see in television. Again, it is prolonged exposure that makes all the difference. The best way of mitigating the negative effects of exposure to sex and violence on television, parents should watch and discuss how sex and even violence is portrayed in television. This would also help to reduce the number of teenage pregnancies. CONCLUSION It is evident that television content, sex and violence, has some negative effects on children. It is true that quite a large number of children watch television and are therefore exposed to sex and violence. Nevertheless, it is important to note that not all these children who are exposed are susceptible to the negative effects. Certain groups of children are more prone to acting out what they see on television. It is this group that is likely to aggressive and or immoral. This is the group of children that has prolonged and frequent exposure to sex and violence on television. It is for this reason that exposure to television is limited. Thus, it may be correct to conclude that all the sex and violence on television has negative effects on children. However, it is also important to note that it is only prolonged exposure to the sex and the violence that results in the negative effects. It is the children who frequently watch television programs laced with sex and violence that are more likely to be aggressive and promiscuous as compared to their counterparts who do not. According to the information contained in this report, negative influences of sex and violence on television only become visible when the children are much older. Thus, it remains largely unclear as to why frequent exposure of adolescents to violence and sex on television influences then negatively, After all, are they not at an age where they are capable of differentiating right from wrong; fiction (what is on television and reality (what they should not do); and therefore refrain from engaging in certain activities? More research may be necessary to provide insight into the reasons why children prefer to act out the negativity they view on television rather than on the positive. Is there, for instance, more gratification in doing what is considered negative as compared to doing what is right? Answers to these questions may shed more light on to why sex and violence has negative effects on children at all. REFERENCES Cameron, J. (2009). The view on TV violence. iafrica. com. Retrieved 15 April, 2009 from http://lifestyle.iafrica. com/parenting/fatherhood/274094. htm Chandra, A. , Martino, S. , Collins, R. , Elliot, M. , Berry, S. , Kanouse, D. & Mlu, A. (2008). Does watching sex on television predict teen pregnancy? Findings from a national longitudinal survey of youth. Pediatrics. 122(5): 1047. Eyal, Keren & Kunkel, D. (2008). The effects of television drama shows on emerging adult’s sexual attitudes and moral judgments. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media. 52 (2): 161.