Architecture Of The Taj Mahal - 1355 Words

Taj Mahal is one the greatest piece of architecture of India. This mosque-mausoleum was built by Emperor Shah Jahan for his beloved resting wife Mumtaz, who died in childbirth. it is also more than a building because the Taj Mahal is the physical manifestation of a man’s everlasting love for his deceased wife, therefore, it be referred to as a symbol of eternal love. The Taj Mahal is a complex of buildings consisting of a beautiful garden, main gate, decoration, a mausoleum, mosque, and some other magnificent buildings. This architectures also carries a rich culture and vocabulary of the Islamic religion and teachings that in essence ties the Islamic believers and brings them closer to their God and values for each other. This paper†¦show more content†¦The great gate (Darwaza-i rauza) stands to the north of the entrance forecourt (jilaukhana) and provides a symbolic transition between the worldly realm of bazaars and caravanserai and the spiritual realm of the paradi se garden, mosque and the mausoleum.The red sandstone structure is surrounded by octagonal towers namely minarets topped by white marble domes on the corners. The white marble is densely used in the arches of the centre while the thin margins around the rectangular panels of the corner towers are only lined. The top of the arches is ornamented with floral patterns. The main entrance is framed in rectangular with sura 89 of the Qur’an, namely al-Fajr (daybreak) inviting the believers into the Paradise. The Gate does not have an outer dome. The miniature eleven domes (cupolas) between the two high columns namely guldastas, framing the entrance from the base are the topping features above the entrance. The central vault inside the gate is ornamented with stars and partial stars. Taj Mahal is a perfect symmetrical design, a beautiful white appearance can be regarded as a pearl. In Islamic architecture, the whole building was decorated, but in India such gaudy decorations were mod est, becoming somewhat sour. Especially in Taj Mahal, the decoration became less conspicuous because it became ascetic. For decoration, a thin line of arabesque pattern and Islamic calligraphy are used and decorated with calligraphy calligraphy patterns such asShow MoreRelatedThe Taj Mahal Essay1371 Words   |  6 Pagessame time entirely decorative (Taj Mahal, 2008).Keyserling went on to say, â€Å"It is perhaps the greatest art work which the forming spirit of mankind has ever brought forth (Taj Mahal, 2008). An American novelist, Bayard Taylor referred to this structure as a castle in the air (Taj Mahal, 2008). Constructed as a tomb for the emperor’s deceased wife, the Taj Mahal stands as one of the greatest manmade creations in the history of the world. The travel website, Taj Mahal, illustrates the origins ofRead MoreThe Taj Mahal Essay994 Words   |  4 PagesThe Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal is a complex of astonishing visualization. People from all walks of life have a fascination with the Taj Mahal. No matter what nationality, preference of religion or lifestyle, people will be mesmerized by this breath taking complex. (Ahmed A. 1993). Scholars, Scientist Geologist, Historians, Poets, photographers, and painters all elaborated in discussion and contributed their opinions pertaining to this wonder of the world. Studies also have been conducted by geologistRead MoreAnalysis Of Taj Mahal1640 Words   |  7 PagesAnalyzing the Dome: An Essential Research Analysis of the Taj Mahal: The Taj Mahal, worked by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan to celebrate the passing of his better half Mumtaz Mahal, is thought to be a wonder of Mughal development. While the structure has been considered in incredible detail from an architectural point of view, restricted examinations have been directed regarding its auxiliary security. Moreover, next to no data exists as to how the building, particularly its unmistakable dome, wasRead MoreThe Importance and Influence of Architecture in the World of Humanities933 Words   |  4 Pagesof humanities. Taj Mahal is located in Agra, India where it lies in Northern Indian by the river of Jumna. The Taj Mahal was made by Shah Jahan for his wife who he had lost in 1631 due to giving birth to his fourteenth child. Before she died, she wished her husband to, â€Å"not to marry again and to prove their endless love by building a dreamlike beautiful mausoleum† (â€Å"Taj Mahal†). The Muslim army commander and Mogul Emperor kept his promise to his beautiful wife, Mumtaz Mahal, and made this beautifulRead MoreThe Taj Mahal : A Tale Of A Romantic Love Story Behind It Essay1443 Words   |  6 PagesTaj Mahal The Taj Mahal is known largely as one of the most famous and beloved structures in India with a tale of a romantic love story behind it. The magnificent structure is located in Agra, India along the bank of the Yamuna River. Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned the Taj Mahal in 1632 for his beloved late wife Mumtaz Mahal meaning â€Å" Beloved Ornament of the palace† (TajMahal). Mumtaz also known as Arjumand Banu Begum Was born in April 1593 to Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan, her father who was a PersianRead MoreMughal Architecture : The Unmistakable Indo Islamic Building Style Essay1056 Words   |  5 Pages Mughal architecture ï  ¶ Introduction: Mughal design is the unmistakable Indo-Islamic building style that created in northern and focal India under the support of Mughal sovereigns from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. It is a strikingly symmetrical and enriching amalgam of Persian, Turkish, and Indian engineering. The Mughals were additionally prestigious for making choice gardens in the Persian format, in which the quadrilateral greenery enclosures were separated by walkways or streamingRead More Personal Narrative: My Visit to Agra and the Taj Mahal Essay1190 Words   |  5 PagesTaj Mahal Out of many places I visited all around the world, the place I like the most is the beautiful city of Agra. It’s a quite town located on the North of India. When we talk about Agra one image that comes in mind is Taj Mahal. Yes one of the seven wonders is here. Agra is full of architectural monuments. And I also visited Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri, and Buland Darwazaand. Food was not really good. Besides Taj Mahal, Agra is famous for handicrafts, leather and fine arts. It was fun shoppingRead MoreShah Jahan and His Architectural Contribution to India5907 Words   |  24 PagesContents Introduction 3 Chapter 1 7 Taj Mahal: Shah Jahan’s symbolism of his eternal love 7 1.1 Who Built It? 9 1.2 Features 10 1.3 The Judgment Day 11 1.4 Conclusion 12 Chapter 2 13 Shah Jahan and his Empire 13 2.1 Religious Changes 14 2.2 Political Changes 15 Conclusion 17 Bibliography 18 Introduction Shahanshah Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I, Shah Jahan was the 5th emperor of the Mughal Empire after  Babur,  Humayun,  Akbar, and  Jahangir. He reigned from 8th November 1627 to 2ndRead MoreEssay On Taj Mahal1771 Words   |  8 PagesThe Taj Mahal Taj Mahal, a marvelous white marbled mahal, symbolizes the beauty of love, and misery, is one of the seven wonders of the world. Taj Mahal was built during the Mughal Period when Mughals (Muslims) from Persia, Afghanistan, and many parts of middle east conquered India. It was built by fifth Mughal emperor Shah Jahan who ruled India during the early 17th century. He constructed the divine Taj in the memory of his begum (wife) Mumtaz Mahal. Mumtaz Mahal was a Persian Muslim Princess,Read MoreThe Taj Mahal or The Golden Temple820 Words   |  3 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS Painted Art 1 History 1 Murals and Miniatures 1 Folk and Tribal Art 1 Religious Art 1 Christian Art 1 Buddhist Art 2 Islamic Art 2 Architectural Art 2 Taj Mahal 2 The Golden Temple 2 Humayun’s Tomb 2 Festivals 3 Dance 3 Theater 3 Music 3 India has some of the world’s greatest arts. For example the Taj Mahal, the Golden Temple, and Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple. In India, art is expressed in many different forms. India has one of the world’s largest collections of songs, music

Kashmir Issue - 1534 Words

I remember when I used to leave my home for school early in the morning my mom used to instruct me not to speak with the cops and when I used to return home safely in the evening she used to treat me as if I had returned after a decade. Today nobody knows whether their near dear ones will return home by the dusk. That’s the fear that the people of Kashmir are living with. Freedom, for Kashmir, is a search for the lost identity of its rich cultural religious class of medieval world. The issue of Kashmir is not as ordinary as most of the people in India think. People of Kashmir are dying dying for the future of their unborn. I just want to convey to the outer world the citizens of India that the common man in Kashmir is not a†¦show more content†¦Britishers gave independence to India without thinking that they have ruled India for Decades. Why cannot India give Independence to Kashmir so that thousands of lives could be saved? Indian Govt. has been claiming for years that Kashmir is their integral part cares for its own people. Now the question is why the politicians are interested in ripping the article 370 from Kashmir why innocent people are being killed on a daily basis- as if they have any sales target (KILLING PEOPLE) to achieve per day or month? Govt. agencies are trying to destabilize the economy of Kashmir and shatter the only hope Kashmiris have. The entire world is of the opinion today that the best solution to the problem of Kashmir is to allow them to make their own choice. Why not Referendum? Trust me they have only two choices, either INDIA or INDEPENDENT KASHMIR. The problem arose from the day the British through its East India Company wanted to establish its rule over India for which in order to improve its economy sold Kashmir for a meager Rs.75 lacks to then Dogra Ruler, Maharaja Hari Singh under Amritsar Treaty. This led to â€Å"QUIT KASHMIR† movement for a long period. During the course of time, India Pakistan got liberated from the British in 1947. However, 642 princely states of United India were given the right to exercise option of either joining India or Pakistan. On 26th October, 1947 the state of Jammu and Kashmir was accessioned to India and this accession of the state ofShow MoreRelatedKashmir Issue2031 Words   |  9 Pagesside sticks to its claims over Kashmir, the Kashmiri Muslims continue to pay a heavy price for their defiant struggle against overwhelming odds in order to exercise their right of self determination. For more than half a century the Kashmiris are oscillating between uncertainty and destitution. They continue to suffer misery and repression under illegal Indian occupation, and despite a stream of strong words and resolutions passed by the Security Council the Kashmir issue is still a bone o f contentionRead MoreSpeech on Kashmir Issue2152 Words   |  9 PagesJAMMU amp; KASHMIR DISPUTE Honourable Course Director, Respected Deputy Course Director and Dear Colleagues Assalam-o-Alaikum My topic of speech is Kashmir Issue. Today, There are many issues which are threats to World peace the The Kashmir dispute is the oldest, unresolved, international dispute in the world today. Pakistan considers Kashmir as its core political dispute with India. The exchange of fire between their forces across the Line of Control, which separates Azad Kashmir from OccupiedRead MoreKashmir Issue and Mediation Essay3467 Words   |  14 PagesKashmir Issue and Mediation The record of the international mediation (Third Party role), or meditative interventions in regard to the Kashmir dispute is clearly mixed: These interventions achieved both some successes and some failures. Among the successes were the cease-fire and truce agreements, arranged by UNCIP in 1948 and 1949.The cease-fire agreement did not hold for long, and peacekeeping operation that emerged from it failed in large measure to keep the peaceRead MoreIndia s Issue Of Kashmir1558 Words   |  7 Pagesthinks that Kashmir is not the issue for an international concern and India does not consider UN’s take on any political action over Kashmir. India’s apprehension of Kashmir is reasonable somehow because India has fought three times with Pakistan regarding Kashmir’s issue. On the contrary, resolution does not come through military action. According to India, if India is ready to establish Kashmir as a democratic province with all the privileges of an autonomous, there is no guarantee to Kashmir will beRead MoreThe Kashmir Issue Bedeviling India And Pakistan856 Words   |  4 Pagesmakes some truths universal? Also, how does this truth triangle apply to the Kashmir issue bedeviling India and Pakistan? For starters, Pakistan’s â€Å"truth† on Kashmir is absolutely majoritarian. The â€Å"Dushman Hindustan† (Nemesis India) narrative is the national gospel and any political rhetoric wrapped around the â€Å"Kashmir banega Pakistan† (Pakistan will conquer Kashmir) chant preaches to packed crowds. I have no issues with this overblown patriotism. It is imperative for an artificial nation stateRead MoreThe War in Kashmir a Religious Conflict? Essay1687 Words   |  7 Pages Kashmir is conflict territory after the partition of India and Pakistan. Conflict is not only between India and Pakistan but also India and the religious militants. Religious Militants are conducting a jihad to govern by the religious law. Historically, Kashmir included Sufis Muslim not orthodox Muslim. Numerous international events had influenced in the growth of Islamic fundamentalism in Kashmir. Jihad is not originally from Kashmir but they are foreign militancy bought duringRead More Pakistan Essay861 Words   |  4 Pagesremittance of profits/dividends and maintenance of foreign currency accounts (www.mofa.com). Now because of this, various cities in Pakistan have developed stock exchanges with major corporations in the U.S. Security in Pakistan has been a major issue since the origins of the country and its controversial creation. The overriding objective of Pakistans foreign policy is the safe guarding of its sovereignty, security and territorial integrity. This is underpinned by its firm adherence to immutableRead MoreThe Growth And Poverty Improvement Of A Country Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pagesno Bank branches, opening of no frills account. In 2006 another committee gave recommendations under the leadership of Dr. C. Rangarajan (popularly known as Rangarajan Committee - 2008) this commeitte was made by the Govt. of india to find out the issues of financial exclusion. The Committee recognised that the developments in the technology and increasingly sophisticated customer segmentation technology have led to limited access to financial services for several groups. This partition has increasedRead MoreThe Struggle Over Kashmir, By Mohandas Gandhi1096 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The name Kashmir has become synonymous with slaying, destruction and religious massacre in South Asia. Ever since the partition of India in 1947, when Britain dismantled its Indian empire, India and Pakistan have been archrivals. What makes this conflict interesting, conversely, is how much they hate one another. The hostility between these two has been rooted not only in religion and history, but is exemplified by the long-running battle over the control of Jammu and Kashmir. Which has recentlyRead MoreThe Kargil War : A Conflict Between India And Pakistan1536 Words   |  7 Pagesand Srinagar, and to interrupt NH-1A. All these were meant to set the stage for attacking the valley through military and terrorist actions with the main objective of executing their main agenda dubbed ‘Op Topac’ – which was to gain control over Kashmir valley. As discussed by Raghavan Shorey (2002), the Pakistani troops could not approach the valley directly by taking the routes through either Kupwara or Baramulla because of the presence of heavy snow and Indian troops. Therefore, the country’s

Euthanasia4 Essay Example For Students

Euthanasia4 Essay Euthanasia has become an issue of increasing attention because of Dr. Jack Kevorkians assisted suicides. Dr. Jack Kevorkian, an U.S. physician, has injected physician-assisted euthanasia sharply into the agenda of public issues widely discussed in the United States. His activities have brought with them several moral, ethical and legal concerns regarding this controversial topic. Who has the right to choose death, and under what circumstances? What responsibility does a physician have to sustain life when witnessing a patient suffering? What role should law play in this personal matter, and who should have the authority to control individual wishes regarding his or her own body? Euthanasia should be legalized so, if we ever have a loved one that is suffering and death is certain, that we have the choice to ease their pain. With the passing of this law that most people would be against the right-to-die, not so. In a poll cited in a 1998 issue of USA Today, eighty percent of Americans think sometimes there are circumstances when a patient should be allowed to die, compared to only fifteen percent think doctors and nurses should always do everything possible to save a persons life. It also showed that eight in ten adults approve of state laws that allow medical care for the terminally ill to be removed or withheld, if that is what the patient wishes, whereas only thirteen percent disapproved of the laws. Also seventy percent think th4e family should be allowed to make the decision about treatment on behalf of the patient, while another five percent think this is suitable only in some cases (Colasnto 62). Seventy percent think it is justified at least sometimes for a person to kill his or her spouse, if he or she is suffering terrible pain caused by a terminal illness. About half the public think a oral right to suicide exists if a person has an incurable disease or is suffering great pain with no hope of recovering (Colasnto 63). And about half of those with living parents think their mothers and fathers would want medical treatment stopped if they were suffering a great deal of pain in a terminal disease. Or if they became totally dependent on a family member, then forty percent of their parents would want medical treatment stopped if daily activities became a burden (Colasnto 63). Each viewpoint is supported by many reasons. Those who oppose euthanasia argue that the medical profession must always be on the side of preserving life (Schofield 24). Another reason is euthanasia will lead to the devaluation of life (Low 37). Also they think it will force doctors and family members to j udge the value of a patients life. Critics also say that acceptance will spread from the terminally ill to the less serious ill, the handicapped, or the mentally retarded (Russ 117). A person has the right to die with dignity. People should be allowed to control their own deaths. Why should a patient be forced to live if they think their present standard of life has degenerated to the point of meaningless, when doctors can no longer help, and perhaps the pain has become unbearable? At this point, they should have the choice to continue on or to peacefully die, even if they need assistance in doing so (Larue 153). The doctor should be allowed to decide if the patient has reached the point of only getting worse and in considerable pain. In any of these situations a doctor should be at least an advisor, they are the ones with the medical knowledge, and know the present condition of the patient and the alternatives. In any humane or humanistic view of what is good, it is morally wrong t o compel hopelessly suffering or irreversible debilitated patients to stay alive when death is freely elected (Larue 151). .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 , .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 .postImageUrl , .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 , .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6:hover , .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6:visited , .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6:active { border:0!important; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6:active , .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6 .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7472723f368d4cca6ed8615fe0cb9de6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Electroplating EssayIn some cases, like terminal illness, death is often better than dyeing, mainly due to the way that the person will die. They may have to go thorough a long period of pain and suffering. Ask yourself which you would choose, early or prolonged death (Larue 153). Even if you do not think that you would end your life or anothers life should personal views decide that it is not the right thing for another to do. Does any person have the right to control the choices of others? Not all the should everything be done to preserve a life. The advances of technology have disturbed the natural balance of life and death. No longer does a person die when they are sup posed to; life-support now prevents that. Opponents say doctors should not play God by killing patients, but do they realize that by prolonging death the medical profession is doing exactly that? Christian Barnard, at the World Euthanasia Conference, was quoted as saying, I believe often that death is good medical treatment because it can achieve what all the medical advances and technology cant achieve today. And that is stop the suffering of the patient (Battin 21)A different version of the same argument is, doctors are not always responsible to do everything they can to save somebody. If a doctors duty is to ease the pain of his patients, then why should this exclude the possibility of letting them die? If a patient has a termianl illness and is in great pain and the patient thinks they would rather die now than continue living with the pain, the doctor should be allowed to help. What about a person who is in a vegetative state for a prolonged period of time with no hope of recov ery, should the doctor do everything? Howard Caplan gives an example of this;I have on my census a man in his early 40s, left an aphasic triplegic by a motorcycle accident when he was 19. For nearly a quarter of a century, while most of us were working, raising children, reading, and otherwise going about our lives, hes been vegetating. His biographical life ended with the crash. He can only articulate only make sounds to convey that hes hungry or wet. If he were to become acutely ill, I would prefer not to try saving him. Id want to let pneumonia end it for him (Battin 92). Opponents also claim that euthanasia is against God, therefore it is unethical. Yet passive euthanasia, or refraining from doing anything to keep the patient alive, has been in practice since four centuries before Christ; and in the centuries that followed neither the Christians nor the Jews significantly changed this basic idea. It was killing they were opposed to. Also in 1958 Pope Pius XII emphasized that we may allow the patient who is virtually already dead to pass away in peace (Rachels 43). How can anybody say mercy is against God? But God would want people to die in peace and without pain. If anything is against God, then it is trying to live longer than God had intended people to. The United States was founded because people wanted to be free. Americans have fought for freedom ever since. If euthanasia is made illegal, it will take away one of the founding freedoms, the freedom of choice, the freedom for a person to choose a death with dignity and free of pain and suffering for themselves and their families. As Seneca quoted in Bolander writes, A punishment to some, to some a gift, and to many a favor (Bolander 24). Bibliography:

Needle Stick Injury free essay sample

Method In 2003, a sharps awareness campaign began in San Martino Hospital in Genoa, Italy. In 2005, a safety catheter was introduced and healthcare workers were trained in its use. Data for all occupational accidents from 2003 to 2007 were collected and analysed. Results After introduction of the sharps awareness campaign and use of safety catheters, reported incidents of sharps injuries involving catheters fell from 19 in 2004 to two in 2007 and in neither of those two cases were needlestick prevention devices used. Overall, the rate of needlestick injuries was 24. 1 per 100,000 cases when conventional catheters were used and 0. 4 per 100,000 cases with safety catheters. Conclusion The sharps awareness campaign and newly adopted needlestick prevention device may have contributed to the prevention of percutaneous injuries caused by catheters. Until the onset of the campaign, the reported annual incidence of needlestick injuries was six. This increased to a peak of 19 reported injuries in 2004, which could be attributed to improved reporting effected by the campaign. We will write a custom essay sample on Needle Stick Injury or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Authors Dimitri Sossai, manager, Health Safety and Prevention Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, Genoa; Vincenzo Puro, manager, Department of Epidemiology, Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome; Luca Chiappatoli and Giulio Dagnino, biomedical engineers; Bernardo Odone, chemist; Annamaria Polimeri, biologist, Health Safety and Prevention Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, Genoa; Laila Ruzza, Paola Palombo and Marian Stella Fuscoe, registered nurses, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, Genoa; Paola Scognamiglio, epidemiologist, Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy. Email: dimitri. [emailprotected] it Keywords Needlestick injuries, risk prevention, safety needle system These keywords are based on subject headings from the British Nursing Index. All articles are subject to external double-blind peer review and checked for plagiarism using automated software. For author and research article guidelines visit the Nursing Standard home page at www. nursing-standard. co. uk. For related articles visit our online archive and search using the keywords. 42 march 24 :: vol 24 no 29 :: 2010 SHARPS INJURIES are one of the most common types of occupational accidents that healthcare workers experience (Elder and Paterson 2006). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2004) in the United States (US) has estimated that around 400,000 percutaneous injuries occur in the hospital setting each year. However, true injury rates are difficult to assess as underreporting is assumed to be as high as 70% (Lee et al 2005). There is a risk of disease transmission of blood-borne pathogens with a sharps injury, particularly if it is caused by a hollow-bore needle used to access veins or arteries (Trim 2004). Worldwide, 2. 5% of cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and 40% of cases of hepatitis B and hepatitis C among healthcare workers result from occupational exposure to infected blood (Wilburn 2004). The risk of infection following percutaneous exposure to infected blood is notable, with rates of 6-30% for hepatitis B, 0-7% for hepatitis C and 0. 3% for HIV (White 2008). In addition to the hazard of disease transmission, the fear of potential infection may pose a considerable burden on the psychological, emotional and social wellbeing of the injured healthcare worker (Lee et al 2005). More than 38% of all occupational accidents involving biological hazards in the NHS result from skin contact, while 24% are caused by accidental puncture with injection needles (Sossai 2006). The rates for hospitals are even more concerning. According to a study of the Italian National Society for Prevention and Protection in the Health Service (Associazione Italiana Responsabili Servizi Prevenzione e Protezione in Ambiente Sanitario), more than 50% of occupational accidents in hospitals are caused by accidental puncture with injection needles (Sossai 2006). Exposure prevention remains the primary strategy for reducing occupational contact with blood-borne pathogens (Huber and Terezhalmy 2007). Over the past 20 years, numerous preventive measures have been implemented including educating and training staff, changes in practice, hepatitis B vaccinations, awareness campaigns and needlestick injury policies. One particular NURSING STANDARD preventive strategy uses engineered needlestick prevention devices to protect hospital workers from accidental injuries. There are two types. Passive needlestick prevention devices have a safety feature that is activated automatically, while active needlestick prevention devices require the user to activate the safety mechanism (Trim 2004). The use of needlestick prevention devices and the documentation of all needlestick injuries by healthcare workers has been enforced by law since 2000. Similar regulation efforts are under way in Europe (Hadaway 2001, Wilburn 2004, Hoban 2005, White 2008). In Italy, and elsewhere in Europe, employers have a statutory obligation (Directive 2000/54/CE and 89/391/CEE) to prevent occupational risks and protect workers. In line with these requirements, San Martino Hospital in Genoa, Italy, one of the largest hospitals in Europe with more than 1,400 beds and more than 4,400 employees, launched a sharps awareness campaign in 2003. This campaign consisted of specific staff training, education and the gradual introduction of needlestick prevention devices (safety catheters) to replace conventional intravenous catheters. By March 2005, almost all conventional catheters had been replaced by needlestick prevention devices. Aim The aim of this study was to verify the effect of the sharps awareness campaign and the introduction of needlestick prevention devices on the rate of needlestick injuries in San Martino Hospital. Method The hospital chose the passively activated Introcan Safety IV Catheter system (B. Braun). This has a self-activating safety clip that automatically shields the needle’s sharp bevel during retraction of the needle after cannula insertion. With regard to design and handling, this safety catheter is identical to the conventional catheter (Trim 2004, Wilburn 2004). At San Martino Hospital, a sharps awareness campaign was launched in 2003. In 2005, safety devices were first introduced, initially in departments at increased risk of needlestick injuries or infection (infectious diseases, general surgery and organ transplant departments). By the end of 2005, they had been introduced in all hospital departments. Healthcare workers in approximately 90 departments including outpatient clinics, operating theatres, intensive care units, day hospitals and surgery, received training in using the device. Training sessions were carried out by manufacturers of the safety catheter and by members of the hospital’s NURSING STANDARD department of health safety and prevention. Between 2005 and 2007 this practical training was supplemented by courses on the biological risk of needlestick injuries aimed at all long-term employed healthcare staff. In addition, a compulsory training course on the need for prevention and safety precautions related to needlestick injuries, and the correct practical application of safety devices for all new employees, began and was carried out monthly. During this period, 596 of 3,392 (18%) long-term employed physicians, nurses and technicians and 882 (100%) new employees received safety training. In San Martino Hospital, a specific protocol needs to be followed when an accident entailing biological risk occurs. The affected employee has to report the accident to the department of preventive and occupational medicine where health monitoring and infectious prophylaxis are initiated, if required, in collaboration with the Institute for Hygiene and Preventive Medicine. Subsequently, the injured person is required to register the accident at the hospital’s human resources department where detailed information on the injury and the injured person are recorded on a standardised incident report form and in an incident reporting file. Reports of the accident are forwarded to the National Institute for Insurance gainst Accidents at Work (Istituto Nazionale per Assicurazione Infortuni sul Lavoro) and the Hygiene Institute of Genoa University. The incident reporting file is the hospital’s internal administrative database for all occupational accidents and is used for statistical purposes. It provides the data for an annual injury monitoring report. The file began in 1994 and holds detaile d documentation of all occupational injuries occurring at San Martino Hospital. Documented details include the time, location and accurate descriptions of an accident, and the profession, department, ward or operating unit of the injured employee involved. The type of device responsible for sharps injuries and the use of any safety measures during the incident are also documented. In this study, occupational injury data collected between 2003 and 2007 were obtained from the incident reporting file and analysed retrospectively. Data of interest included all occupational incidents and all percutaneous injuries caused by catheter needles and sharps. In particular, needlestick injuries caused by catheters were investigated. For all needlestick injuries from catheters, the occupation of the affected staff member was examined. The total number of catheters used each year was the denominator. All hospital employees were included in the study. The human resources department supplied data on the number and march 24 :: vol 24 no 29 :: 2010 43 art science research type of staff in the hospital. Formal ethical approval was not required because the population used was recruited from the database of the occupational injuries register of the human resources department. The data used were taken from official declarations and total anonymity was guaranteed. conventional device is more than 25 times higher than the risk associated with the use of the safety device. Discussion The implementation of a sharps awareness campaign and the introduction of needlestick prevention devices at San Martino Hospital resulted in a significant reported decrease in needlestick injuries. Conventional catheters appear to carry a significantly higher risk of injuries than safety catheters (Table 1). This suggests that the needlestick p revention devices contributed to the prevention of percutaneous incidents. A potential problem of this type of surveillance results from factors that could influence healthcare staff to report injuries, especially those with a low risk of infection. In this study, reporting rates are unknown and these could have influenced the findings. Injury reporting was encouraged during training, so an increasing rate of underreporting appears unlikely. Similar results have been observed with other safety needle devices (Asai et al 2002, Trim 2004, Adams and Elliott 2006, Tuma and Sepkowitz 2006). These results are consistent with estimates in which the use of engineered safety devices accounts for definite prevention in 21% and probable prevention in 61% of needlestick injuries (Elder and Paterson 2006). However, the results of the current study are limited by the short observation period and initial findings need to be confirmed by a follow-up study. Three and two incidents occurred with catheters in 2006 and 2007 respectively. Only one of these incidents occurred with a safety catheter. The catheter’s safety mechanism was not activated because of an unexpected movement by the patient before insertion of the cannula. Risk for the healthcare worker was estimated at almost zero, as the needle had not come into contact with the patient’s blood. In the other four incidents, conventional devices were used that did not have a safety Results The overall number of employees at San Martino Hospital fluctuated annually between 4,447 and 4,636 individuals from 2003 to 2007. The number of occupational accidents documented decreased from 537 to 405 in the same period. During the study, the number of injuries with needles and sharps entailing biological risk reported annually reduced from 163 to 86. These accounted for approximately one quarter to one third of all occupational incidents. After launching the sharps awareness campaign in 2003, the number of injuries caused by catheters increased initially (n=10 in 2003 and n=19 in 2004), possibly because the sharps awareness campaign aimed to reduce underreporting. From 2005 to 2007 the total number of reported injuries decreased (n=10 in 2005, n=3 in 2006, and n=2 in 2007). During the study period, nurses were affected more often by needlestick injuries than physicians. The overall annual number of needlestick prevention devices used by the hospital after their introduction in 2005 (n=130,000) increased to 165,000 in 2006 and decreased to 163,000 in 2007 (Tables 1 and 2). The average number of annual injuries per 100,000 phlebotomies performed were calculated (estimated by needles used per year). The relative risks were calculated as the ratio of the injury rates for the conventional catheters and for the safety catheters. The results highlight a lower rate of annual needlestick injuries until the start of the sharps awareness campaign and an escalation of reported incidents after its launch. This phenomenon might have resulted from underreporting, confirmed by the low incident rate of reported needlestick injuries before the onset of the campaign. Underreporting of needlestick injuries is a common and serious problem. It is even observed after needlestick injuries with high-risk patients and occurs with all types of healthcare worker (Wilburn 2004, Hoban 2005, Makary et al 2007). True injury rates may be ten times higher than those reported (Elder and Paterson 2006). The increase in incidents in 2003 suggests that educational measures and training might have sensitised healthcare staff to the seriousness of the problem and increased their readiness to report needlestick injuries for their own safety. Only timely reported needlestick injuries allow for immediate preventive measures and effective post-exposure treatment (Lee et al 2005). Even after 2003, it may still be possible that not all needlestick injuries were reported. Although all new employees received training after 2005, accounting for approximately 25% of the hospital’s healthcare staff until 2007, before then only 18% of employees of long standing participated in safety education measures. Thus, the majority of employees lack theoretical education in sharps safety and may be more prone NURSING STANDARD to misjudge the risk of needlestick injuries and consequently fail to report incidents. It might also be possible that some long-term staff increased their risk awareness after observing colleagues. It is to be expected that the awareness of possible injury outcome and reporting will improve further as the sharps safety awareness campaign continues as a result of cumulative training of hospital staff (Makary et al 2007). Despite introducing continuous on-the-job training with all employees, a certain degree of underreporting is still likely to occur because, contrary to better knowledge, some employees will avoid the time-consuming effort associated with administrative and medical procedures involved in needlestick injury reporting (Lee et al 2005, Makary et al 2007).

Poems Copmarison

Poems Copmarison Analysis of Do not go gentle into that good night The main theme in the poem Do not go gentle into that good night by Dylan Thomas, is an argument to fight against the encroaching arms of death. While the word fight is never actually utilized despite its similarity to the meter of the poem, words such as rage, burn and rave are all utilized in such a way that it portrays a fight against death itself.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Poems Copmarison specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to better understanding the overall context of the poem, it is important to examine the last stanza which states and you, my father, there on the sad height, Curse, bless me now with your fierce tears, I pray, Do not go gentle into that good night (Thomas, 1). From this, the entire context of the poem becomes clear wherein it appears that the author wrote the poem as an appeal to his father who is near the death in that he wanted h is father to continue to live and to fight. The author phrases his arguments to fight by mentioning various types of praiseworthy behavior by wise mean, good men, grave men and wild men (Thomas, 1). This is one of the symbolisms of the poem wherein the author attempts to parallel the traits of such individuals and attributes them to his father in order to convince him to live on. This is seen in the use of the phrase Do not go gentle into that good night and Rage, rage against the dying of the light after each description of each type of man as if to imply that men of such character and distinction would not allow themselves to die so easily (Thomas, 1). This is a particularly interesting motif that the author is using since it shows that he is not ready to let his father go just yet. This may be due to unresolved issues, the love of a son for his father or an assortment of other factors that are not evident within the poem itself. Other interesting symbols utilized throughout the p oem are references to day and night as well as lightning and meteors. This is particularly interesting to take a note of since such methods of symbolism imply that the author acknowledges that all life must end yet before it does it must do so in a spectacular fashion. For example, a day does not transit into night without a bright sunset; lightning is a brief yet brilliant flash of light while a meteor is a blazing trail of fire that lights of the night sky. This seems to imply that the author wants to have one last talk with this father, that he wants him to go out blazing like the sun, like a meteor or like lightning.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The poem seemingly emphasizes that his father should go down blazing and fighting and not apparently bed stricken as derived from the phrase there on the sad height which seemingly implies being placed on a hospita l bed (Thomas, 1). Overall, the poem is an excellent piece of literature that portrays a sons love for this father and how he wanted to have more time with him. Analysis of Let Evening Come When reading the poem Let Evening Come by Jane Kenyon, at first glance, it seems to be a poem emphasizing her desire for night to come however after several readings it becomes apparent that the term evening is symbolic of the coming of death. This interpretation becomes apparent after examining the line let the cricket take up chafing as a woman takes up her needles and her yarn due to the fact that a woman taking up yarn is symbolic of a person entering old age and taking up knitting as a hobby (Kenyon, 1). Not only that, the term â€Å"crickets take up chafing† can also be interpreted as the time in which crickets stop making noises with their legs which either happens at night or when they are dead (Kenyon, 1). Throughout the poem, it becomes apparent that the author is not afraid of d eath and the reason for this is based on the last stanza which states God does not leave us comfortless (Kenyon, 1). When taking this particular phrase and combining it with references to a bottle in a ditch, a scoop of oats or air in the lung, these seemingly inconsequential aspects can actually be combined and interpreted as being symbolic of Gods all encompassing love (Kenyon, 1). In that, there is no person that God does not love and as such even if death should come we should not be afraid for God is with us. This I believe is the main theme of the poem and the message that the author is trying to impart to readers. It must also be noted that unlike other poems which speak of the coming of death this poem does not have the same haunting feel of regret or dismay rather when reading it what becomes apparent is a feeling of acceptance of the coming of death that the author imparts in each stanza and phrase and as such shows how her belief in the love of God keeps the fear of death away. Analysis of the Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock When examining this particular work by T.S. Elliot, one cannot help but think that the author wrote it while he was drunk or not in his right state of mind. It is riddled with random musings, thoughts and ideas that apparently turn and tumble upon each other until they seemingly coalesce into a stanza that barely makes logical sense. It is hard to determine whether the author is being literal in some aspects or symbolic in others with thoughts and ideas seemingly implying one thing in one interpretation yet meaning another in yet another interpretation. What is evident though is that the voice of the poem, J. Alfred Prufrock, is apparently trying to tell a woman that he has a distinct romantic interest in her yet it is hard to determine whether he is talking to her already or to himself and reveling in his own imaginary world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Poems Copmarison specifically for you for o nly $16.05 $11/page Learn More One line in the poem the taking of toast and tea and the stanza it is in seemingly implies that the character of Prufrock is on his way to tea and is going to talk to the woman so to speak informing her of his interest (Eliot, 1). Taking this particular method of interpretation into consideration, it can be assumed that the jumbled and at times chaotic method of writing throughout the poem may in fact be the authors way of imitating the jumble of thoughts and words that goes through a mans head as he is about to tell the woman he likes that he likes her. If this is so, then the author has fully captured the chaos that would normally be in a mans mind and as such the lucidity and sheer randomness of the way in which ideas are formed and stated starts to make sense. In fact, it might just be that the inspiration for this particular poem is derived from the authors own experiences in telling the woman he loves that he likes her. Analysis o f Disillusionment of Ten O’clock The poem Disillusionment of Ten O’clock by Wallace Stevens is actually full of various metaphors and symbolic interpretations that speak volumes more than what is apparent in the poem. The main message that the author is trying to convey in the poem is that many people live hollowed out lives that lack color and make them seem like the walking dead. For example, the phrase the houses are haunted by white night-gowns, none are green, or purple with green rings, or green with yellow rings, or yellow with blue rings is meant to symbolize the fact that the people who live within the house are like the walking dead cold, lifeless and utter devoid of life (Stevens, 1). This comparison is further emphasized by the statement that says that the white night gowns are totally devoid of color. In this case, the color white symbolizes the bleak empty existences that such people live while the colors (green, blue, or purple) represent what is missing in their life such as joy, happiness and adventure. The author does end on a hopeful note in the end though when he mentions the sailor who dreams of baboons, periwinkles and catching tigers in red weather (Stevens, 1). This is emphasize that not all individuals in world today are bleak, empty and devoid of imagination but rather there still exists hope for those with imagination and a sense of adventure.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analysis of Design In the poem Design by Robert Frost, readers are treated to the musings of the author regarding the grand design of all things and an implied question as to whether or not a grand entity shapes our destiny or if we ourselves shape our future. This evident by the first lines of the poem found a dimpled spider, fat and white, on a white heal-all, holding up a moth, like a white piece of rigid satin cloth (Frost, 1). From this, it can be seen that the author has created a scene where there is a white spider, on a white flower holding a white moth and spends the rest of the poem inquiring whether even in something so small there is a grand design that placed the spider in the right position to catch the right kind of prey. From this, Frost implies that all of us may be part of some greater design with coincidences appearing that may not be coincidences at all but rather are part of a plan for our lives. In this, Frost questions whether we have any free will at all and in fact are nothing more than moving parts in some great machine, being moved at the whim of some all powerful entity. Eliot, Thomas. The Love song of J. Alfred Prufrock. Bartleby. N.p., 1920. Web. Frost, Robert. Design. Poem Hunter. N.p., 2003. Web. Kenyon, Jane. Let evening come. American Poems. N.p., 2005. Web. Stevens, Wallace. Disillusionment of Ten O’clock. Poem Hunter. N.p., 2003. Web. Thomas, Dylan. Do not go gentle into that good night. Poets.org. New Directions, N.I.. Web.

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Mod 2 Case Assignment Essay

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Mod 2 Case Assignment - Essay Example The military is an elite organism made up of those who are more able than many. However, it is also unusual in the fact that its income or funding is determined by the governments budget. This is a challenge. They can be the greatest in the world but unlike many organizations, they do not earn more for being great, they must fit that greatness inside the budget given. They deal with this by basing many of their functions on economic laws. Those laws are applied to almost everything they do (Fedorov., 2001). It is a little strange to think of the military as an economic machine but it certainly is. The military is a very close knit organism. They have a very organized way of managing to make each piece of the organism happen. Each one knows their job extremely well is very organized in his interaction with the other parts of the organism. Each cell does not think out of the box because they do not want them to think out of the box but follow the ritual exactly as it is written as it may save the life of one of the other cells later. . Like the military, the orchestra is a system made up of many subsystems and like the military those subsystems are very responsible for carrying out their individual and distinct duties. The orchestra functions very much the same as the military in its demand for each and every person to know their job really well for the good of the whole organization. If the viola cannot play the music they are supposed to play tonight, he can endanger the whole program. Just like the military organism they work in harmony. When the organization is a productive system which is the fact with both the military system and the orchestra, the open systems approach to analyzing their system is effective. In looking at a systems analysis which is shown above, the organizations environment and the relationship between it and the system are analyzed. The four major subsystems that are apparent are the economic system which we have discussed in the

Nike and Labour Laws - The Seattle University Should Eliminate Its Con Essay

Nike and Labour Laws - The Seattle University Should Eliminate Its Contract to Supply SU-Logoed Apparel - Essay Example As the development of most of the products sold in the school took place in the bdevelop0ing countries, it is apparent that the company considered this move in order to cut expenses involved in the manufacturing process. Currently, most companies set up manufacturing plants in the developing countries in order to take advantage of cheap labour. Amid the increasing population growth, most people in the developing countries are jobless. Even those that have jobs are inadequate to sustain their lives. As such, foreign multinationals, in an effort to increase their levels of profits take the advantage of this situation in these countries. Further, most of these countries have weak labour laws. Because their governments are desperate to attract investors into the countries in order to help in job creation, they develop labour laws that encourage external investors to set up plants in the countries. The result of this is an increase in the level of poverty for these workers. With weak laws and governance structures, the multinationals show no concern in providing good incentives to the people. Rather, workers struggle in poor working conditions, with poor working contracts and low salaries. In other instances, they work for long hours and rarely receive any leaves. Nike, taking advantage of this situation also established its operations in these countries in an effort to increase its profitability. According to Dunn (2010), n its current position, Nike does not observe fair labour practices, especially for the plants in the developing countries. Subsequently, it became a reason for scrutiny for its labour practices. The company in most cases does not train its employees for the kind of work they handle. According to Butler (2010), Nike’s inhuman conditions are a source of suffering and increased diseases for most of its workers. Treating the working conditions of its workers shows the company’s negligence in protecting humanity, argues Butler (2010). However, its abuse of child labour is the main reason why the company has faced numerous accusations on its lack of labour ethics.